Quiz 13: Data Analysis: a Users Guide to Statistics

Which of the following is intended to summarize or describe data or show relationships between variables? A)Descriptive statistics B)Inferential statistics C)Absolute statistics D)Cluster statistics

Which of the following enables generalization or inference of sample findings to larger populations or assessment of the probability of certain findings? A)Descriptive statistics B)Inferential statistics C)Absolute statistics D)Cluster statistics

Which of the following are summary statistics that describe the typical,middle,or average score? A)Statistical tendencies B)Descriptive tendencies C)Inferential tendencies D)Measures of central tendency

Which of the following refers to the simplest measure of central tendency and is simply the most frequently occurring score? A)Mean B)Median C)Mode D)Range

Which of the following is a measure of central tendency that is applicable to ordinal ranked)data? A)Mean B)Median C)Mode D)Range

Which of the following is the most familiar measure of central tendency and simply involves dividing the total score by the total number of cases N? A)Mean B)Median C)Mode D)Range

Which of the following is the simplest measure of dispersion and represents either the highest and lowest scores or the distance between the highest and lowest scores in a distribution? A)Mean B)Median C)Mode D)Range

Which of the following is a highly useful statistic in which plus or minus one standard deviation always equals 68 percent of a normal curve? A)Variance B)Standard deviation C)Mode D)Range

Which of the following refers to a bell-shaped curve that describes a variety of phenomena? A)Normal variance B)Statistical variance C)Normal distribution D)Statistical distribution

Which of the following is a test of the independence of the relationship between nominal or categorical variables? A)Standard deviation units B)Z scores C)Normal distribution D)Chi-square

Which of the following refers to the number of cells that are free to vary;that is,once the value of certain cells is fixed,the others are no longer free to vary? A)Degrees of variance B)Degrees of distribution C)Degrees of freedom D)None of the above

Which of the following refers to a chi-square-based measure of relationship in which a zero equals no relationship,but the upper limit is less than one? A)Phi coefficient B)Chi coefficient C)Contingency coefficient D)Cramer's V

Which of the following refers to a useful chi-square-based measure of relationship appropriate for a 2 X 2 table? A)Phi coefficient B)Chi coefficient C)Contingency coefficient D)Cramer's V

Which of the following assumes some interval level of measurement and a normal population? A)Phi coefficient B)Parametric statistics C)Nonparametric statistics D)Cramer's V

Which of the following refers to the distribution free statistics in which few assumptions are made regarding the normality of the population? A)Phi coefficient B)Parametric statistics C)Nonparametric statistics D)Null hypothesis

Which of the following assumes that there is no difference between the groups being compared or no relationship in the population? A)Phi coefficient B)Parametric statistics C)Nonparametric statistics D)Null hypothesis

Which of the following assesses whether the differences between observed and expected values could be due to chance or are statistically significant? A)Null hypothesis B)Tests of significance C)t Test D)x Test

Which of the following is used to compare the sample means of two groups? A)s Test B)Tests of significance C)t Test D)x Test

Which of the following is used in comparing three or more sample means? A)Analysis of variance B)Tests of significance C)t Test D)x Test

Which of the following occurs when one variable enables the prediction of the value of the second variable? A)Positive relationship B)Negative relationship C)Statistical relationship D)Progressive relationship

Which of the following takes place when as the value of one variable increases the value of the other decreases? A)Positive relationship B)Negative relationship C)Statistical relationship D)Progressive relationship

Which of the following refers to an equation that enables the prediction of one variable on the basis of the value of others? A)Positive equation B)Negative equation C)Regression equation D)Progressive equation

Which of the following refers to an error of assuming that relationships proven true of groups are true of individuals? A)Ecological fallacy B)Statistical fallacy C)Cluster fallacy D)None of the above

The mean is the simplest measure of central tendency and is simply the most frequently occurring score.

The median or midpoint)is a measure of central tendency that is applicable to ordinal ranked)data.

The mode,expressed as X,is simply the sum of the scores divided by the number of scores.

The standard deviation is the simplest measure of dispersion and represents either the highest and lowest scores or the distance between the highest and lowest scores in a distribution.

The standard deviation and the related statistic variance are far less useful than the range.

Standard deviation units,or Z scores,measure the deviation from the mean relative to the standard deviation.

Chi-square is a test of the independence of the relationship between nominal or categorical variables.

Cramer's V is rarely useful for contingency tables that are larger than 2 X 2.

Nonparametric statistics assume some interval level of measurement and a normal population.

Parametric statistics are distribution free statistics in which few assumptions are made regarding the normality of the population.

The null hypothesis generally states that there is no difference between the groups being compared,or that there is no relationship in the general population,or that any observed differences are due to random error.

Tests of significance assess whether the differences between observed and expected values could be due to chance or are statistically significant.

The level of statistical significance is set by the investigator in terms of the amount of risk or willingness to be in error in rejecting the null hypothesis assuming a significant relationship).

Pearson's r shows the relationship between two or more interval level variables.

__________ are intended to summarize or describe data or show relationships between variables.

__________ enable generalization or inference of sample findings to larger populations or assessment of the probability of certain findings.

The __________ is the simplest measure of central tendency and is simply the most frequently occurring score.

The __________ is a measure of central tendency that is applicable to ordinal ranked)data.

The __________ average)is the most familiar measure of central tendency and simply involves dividing the total score by the total number of cases N.

The __________ is the simplest measure of dispersion and represents either the highest and lowest scores or the distance between the highest and lowest scores in a distribution.

The __________ and the related statistic variance s2)are far more useful than the range.

__________ or standard deviation units measures the deviation from the mean relative to the standard deviation.

__________ is a test of the independence of the relationship between nominal or categorical variables.

__________refer to the number of cells that are free to vary;that is,once the value of certain cells is fixed,the others are no longer free to vary.

__________ assume some interval level of measurement and a normal population.

__________ are distribution free statistics in which few assumptions are made regarding the normality of the population.

__________ assumes that there is no difference between the groups being compared or no relationship in the population.

__________ assesses whether the differences between observed and expected values could be due to chance or are statistically significant.

The __________ is the error of assuming that relationships based on groups aggregate,ecological,or a real data)can be validly assumed to be true of individual correlations.

Identify and discuss the two types of statistics and provide examples of each.

Define chi-square and explain its function.

Define regression equation discuss its significance in enabling one to predict outcome scores.

Define and discuss the ecological fallacy.