Question 1

Which of the following is the plan or blueprint for a study and includes the who,what,where,when,why,and how of an investigation?

Accepted Answer

Research design is the plan or blueprint for a study, detailing the who, what, where, when, why, and how of an investigation. It outlines the methodology to be used in the research, including how data will be collected and analyzed.

Question 2

Which of the following refers to a combination of errors introduced by selection bias plus the differential maturation of groups?

Accepted Answer

Selection-maturation interaction refers to the specific combination of errors introduced by selection bias and the differential maturation of groups over time, affecting the validity of experimental results.

Question 3

Which of the following refers to atypical or artificial behavior produced by respondent's awareness of being studied.

Accepted Answer

Reactivity refers to changes in an individual's behavior or responses that occur as a result of being observed or knowing that one is being studied. This phenomenon can lead to atypical or artificial behavior because participants may alter their natural responses due to the awareness of observation.

Question 4

Which of the following refers to the bias and foreknowledge introduced to respondents as a result of having been pretested?

Accepted Answer

Testing bias refers to the influence on test results caused by the respondents' knowledge or expectations, which can be introduced through pretesting.

Question 5

Which of the following refers to accuracy within the study itself?

Accepted Answer

Internal validity refers to the extent to which a study can demonstrate a cause-and-effect relationship between the variables being studied, indicating accuracy within the study itself.

Question 6

Which of the following involves changes in the measuring instrument from the beginning or first period of evaluation to the second,later,or final evaluation?

Accepted Answer

Instrumentation refers to changes in the measuring instrument or changes in observers or scorers which may lead to differences in measurements over time.

Question 7

Which of the following occurs when the researcher chooses nonequivalent groups for comparison?

Accepted Answer

Selection bias occurs when the researcher chooses nonequivalent groups for comparison, leading to differences between groups that can affect the study's outcome. This bias can compromise the validity of the research findings.

Question 8

Which of the following points to the tendency of pretests to destroy the naiveté of respondents with respect to the variables)being studied and decrease or more predictably increase the subjects' awareness or sensitivity?

Accepted Answer

Testing effects refer to changes in participants' behavior or responses due to their exposure to a pretest. This exposure can make them more aware or sensitive to the variables being studied, potentially influencing their responses in subsequent measurements.

Question 9

Which of the following serves as an example of reactivity resulting in atypical behavior or attitudes on the part of research subjects as a result of their awareness of being studied?

Accepted Answer

The Hawthorne effect refers to the phenomenon where individuals alter their behavior in response to their awareness of being observed. This was observed in a series of studies conducted at the Hawthorne Works plant in the 1920s and 1930s, where workers improved their productivity simply because they knew they were being studied.

Question 10

Which of the following is described as a false relationship that can be explained away by other variables?

Accepted Answer

A spurious relationship is one in which two or more events or variables are not causally related to each other, yet it may be wrongly inferred that they are, due to either coincidence or the presence of a certain third, unseen factor (confounder).

Question 11

Which of the following refers to accuracy or correctness in research.

Accepted Answer

Validity refers to the accuracy or correctness of the research findings, ensuring that the research measures what it intends to measure and accurately reflects the concept being investigated.

Question 12

Which of the following refers to observer bias?

Accepted Answer

The Halo effect is a type of observer bias where the observer's overall impression of a person influences their feelings and thoughts about that person's character or properties.

Question 13

Which of the following occurs when more than one treatment or predictor variable is used on the same subjects?

Accepted Answer

Multiple-treatment interference occurs when more than one treatment or predictor variable is used on the same subjects, potentially affecting the outcomes.

Question 14

Which of the following refers to accuracy in the ability to generalize or infer findings from a study to a larger population?

Accepted Answer

External validity refers to the extent to which the results of a study can be generalized or applied to other settings, populations, or times. It is about the accuracy of applying the findings beyond the specific context of the study.

Question 15

Which of the following refers to the loss of subjects over the course of time?

Accepted Answer

Experimental mortality refers to the loss of participants from a study over time, which can affect the outcomes and generalizability of the research.

Question 16

Which of the following are examples of external factors?

Accepted Answer

All of the options listed (Testing effects, Selection bias, Reactivity or awareness of being studied) are examples of external factors that can influence the outcomes of studies or experiments, affecting their external validity.

Question 17

Which of the following refers to biological or psychological changes in the respondents during the course of study that are not due to the experimental variable?

Accepted Answer

Maturation refers to the natural growth or development in individuals over time, which can affect the outcomes of a study independently of the experimental variables. This includes both biological and psychological changes that occur as a part of aging or gaining experience.

Question 18

Which of the following refers to other specific events that may have taken place during the course of the study and may have produced the results.

Accepted Answer

History in research refers to events outside of the experiment that may affect the outcome of the study. These events are not controlled by the researcher and can influence the results, making it difficult to attribute changes solely to the experimental intervention.

Question 19

Which of the following refers to the tendency of groups that have been selected for study on the basis of extreme high or low scores to regress or move toward the mean or average on second testing?

Accepted Answer

Statistical regression refers to the phenomenon where groups selected for their extreme scores on some measure tend to move toward the mean or average upon subsequent testing. This is due to the statistical principle that extreme scores are partly due to measurement error and tend to be less extreme on retesting.

Question 20

Which of the following is described as any variables other than X the treatment)that may be responsible for the relationship?

Accepted Answer

Rival causal factors are variables other than the treatment (X) that could be responsible for the observed relationship, suggesting alternative explanations for the outcomes.

Quiz 3: Research Design: the Experimental Model and Its Variations