Question 1

A therapist who believes that a disorder is caused by biological, psychological, and social factors is said to be taking a(n) approach to understanding psychological disorders:
A) applied
B) practical
C) psychoanalytical
D) integrative

Accepted Answer

The answer of A therapist who believes that a disorder...

Question 2

Someone you know has been having a lot of difficulty because of irrational fears. Knowing that you are studying abnormal psychology, this person asks if you know of an effective and well-established treatment. You advise her that , based on the mid 20th century work of Joseph Wolpe, is a successful anxiety reduction procedure.
A) systematic desensitization
B) person centered therapy
C) exorcism
D) aversive conditioning

Accepted Answer

Systematic desensitization is a well-established treatment for anxiety disorders and phobias. It is based on the principles of classical conditioning and involves gradually exposing the individual to the feared stimulus or situation while in a relaxed state. This helps to reduce the anxiety response and replace it with a more relaxed response. Joseph Wolpe was a pioneer in the development of systematic desensitization.

Question 3

B.F. Skinner believed that behavior is best influenced by the use of .
A) punishment
B) reinforcement
C) extinction
D) internal processes

Accepted Answer

B.F. Skinner was a behaviorist who believed that behavior is best influenced by the use of reinforcement. He believed that positive reinforcement, such as rewards or praise, increases the likelihood of a behavior being repeated, while negative reinforcement, such as removing an unpleasant stimulus, also increases the likelihood of a behavior being repeated. He did not believe in punishment as a way to change behavior, as he felt it only suppressed behavior temporarily and did not address the underlying reasons for the behavior. He also did not focus on internal processes, as behaviorism is primarily concerned with observable behavior rather than internal mental states.

Question 4

Humanistic therapists regard as the single most positive influence in facilitating human growth.
A) therapist interpretation of the patient's verbalizations
B) relationships (including the therapeutic relationship)
C) self-esteem
D) intellectual and moral development

Accepted Answer

Humanistic therapists emphasize the importance of the therapeutic relationship and view it as a crucial aspect of facilitating human growth. Therefore, relationships (including the therapeutic relationship) would be regarded as the single most positive influence.

Question 5

Which method reflects the first general application of the behavioral method to psychopathology?
A) Law of effect (Thorndike)
B) Behavior modification (Skinner)
C) Systematic desensitization (Wolpe)
D) Conditioning of a fear response (Pavlov)

Accepted Answer

Systematic desensitization, developed by Joseph Wolpe, was one of the first general applications of behavioral methods to treat psychopathology, specifically phobias and anxiety disorders.

Question 6

In classical conditioning, the presentation of the conditioned stimulus without the unconditioned stimulus over a long period of time would eventually lead to the
A) extinction of the conditioned response.
B) elimination of the conditioned response.
C) shaping of the conditioned response.
D) forgetting of the response.

Accepted Answer

Over time, if the conditioned stimulus is repeatedly presented without the unconditioned stimulus, the association between the two stimuli will weaken and eventually disappear, leading to the extinction of the conditioned response.

Question 7

Mustafa was bitten by a deranged Chihuahua when he was five years old. Now he is afraid of all dogs. This is an example of
A) stimulus inhibition.
B) stimulus discrimination.
C) stimulus generalization.
D) stimulus disinhibition

Accepted Answer

Mustafa's fear of all dogs after being bitten by a Chihuahua shows stimulus generalization, as he has generalized his fear from one specific dog to all dogs. Stimulus inhibition would occur if he had become less afraid of dogs over time, stimulus discrimination would occur if he were only afraid of Chihuahuas but not other breeds of dogs, and stimulus disinhibition is not relevant to this situation.

Question 8

According to classical conditioning, learning occurs when
A) a neutral stimulus is paired with a stimulus until it elicits the same response as that stimulus.
B) a stimulus is followed by positive consequences.
C) a response is accepted unconditionally.
D) a stimulus and an object are paired together.

Accepted Answer

Classical conditioning involves pairing a neutral stimulus with an existing stimulus until the neutral stimulus elicits the same response as the existing stimulus. This process is also known as associative learning or Pavlovian conditioning, named after the scientist Ivan Pavlov who made significant contributions to this area of research.

Question 9

The continual interaction of biological, psychological, and social influences and their effect on behavior is a _________________ approach.
A) sociocultural
B) psychobiological/biopsychological
C) unidimensional
D) multidimensional integrative

Accepted Answer

The multidimensional integrative approach emphasizes that behavior is influenced by multiple factors, including biological, psychological, and social influences. It recognizes that these factors interact and cannot be understood in isolation from one another. The sociocultural approach focuses only on the social and cultural influences, while the psychobiological/biopsychological approach emphasizes the biological factors. The unidimensional approach focuses only on a single factor, ignoring the influence of other factors.

Question 10

The following are all criticisms of Freud's theory EXCEPT:
A) It is basically unscientific and untestable.
B) It is largely based on anecdotal evidence.
C) The structures of the mind cannot be scientifically measured.
D) Unconscious mental processes cannot be scientifically observed.

Accepted Answer

The answer of The following are all criticisms of Freud's...

Question 11

A therapist using person-centered therapy is likely to
A) be very directive with clients.
B) analyze the client's dreams.
C) emphasize the consequences of the client's actions.
D) take a passive role in any interactions.

Accepted Answer

Person-centered therapy, developed by Carl Rogers, emphasizes a non-directive, empathetic approach where the therapist takes a passive role, allowing clients to lead the discussion and find their own solutions.

Question 12

The systematic development of a scientific approach to psychopathology is represented by
A) humanistic psychology.
B) psychoanalysis.
C) Jungian psychology.
D) the behavioral model.

Accepted Answer

The behavioral model is focused on the scientific study of observable behavior and its relationship to environmental stimuli, making it the best answer for representing the systematic development of a scientific approach to psychopathology. Humanistic psychology and psychoanalysis, on the other hand, prioritize subjective experiences and unconscious processes, respectively, over empirical evidence. Jungian psychology, while incorporating scientific theories, places greater emphasis on spirituality and mythology.

Question 13

Mustafa was bitten by a dog when he was five years old. Now he is afraid of any dog he sees. His fear of dog is a(n)
A) unconditioned stimulus.
B) unconditioned response.
C) conditioned stimulus.
D) conditioned response.

Accepted Answer

Mustafa's fear of dogs is a conditioned response because it was learned through association with the initial traumatic event (being bitten by a dog). The presence of a dog (conditioned stimulus) now triggers this fear response.

Question 14

Most mental health professionals are aware that psychoanalysis as a treatment technique
A) is basically unscientific.
B) has been proven effective.
C) has been subject to careful measurement criteria.
D) is noted for consistency in analytic interpretation.

Accepted Answer

Psychoanalysis is often criticized for being unscientific due to its reliance on subjective interpretations and lack of empirical evidence supporting its effectiveness compared to other treatment methods.

Question 15

The following are all true about the behavioral model EXCEPT:
A) It has contributed greatly to the understanding and treatment of psychopathology.
B) It is incomplete and inadequate to account for what we now know about psychopathology.
C) Psychological disorders were considered, for the most part, to be environmentally determined.
D) It accounts for development of psychopathology across the lifespan.

Accepted Answer

The behavioral model does not fully account for the development of psychopathology across the lifespan, as it primarily focuses on observable behaviors and environmental influences rather than developmental processes.

Question 16

Operant conditioning was so named because B.F. Skinner believed that
A) behavior operates on the environment.
B) people operate independently of experiences in the real world.
C) conditioning is an unconscious operation.
D) the brain operates independently of behavioral consequences.

Accepted Answer

Skinner believed that behavior operates on the environment, meaning that the consequences of our actions affect the likelihood of those actions being repeated in the future. This is why he called it "operant" conditioning.

Question 17

Unconditional positive regard is critical to the approach.
A) object relations
B) humanistic
C) psychoanalytic
D) behavioral

Accepted Answer

Unconditional positive regard is a foundational concept in humanistic psychology and its associated therapy, person-centered therapy. This approach emphasizes the importance of empathetic understanding and acceptance from the therapist towards the client, aimed at promoting personal growth and self-actualization. The other options listed (object relations, psychoanalytic, and behavioral) do not prioritize or emphasize the importance of unconditional positive regard in their respective theories or therapies.

Question 18

The causes of psychopathology are currently assumed to be
A) unidimensional.
B) multiply determined.
C) impossible to determine.
D) untestable scientifically.

Accepted Answer

The field of psychology recognizes that psychopathology is caused by a combination of genetic, environmental, and societal factors. Therefore, it is considered to be multiply determined rather than unidimensional or impossible to determine. The causes of psychopathology can be studied scientifically and hypotheses can be tested, making D an incorrect choice.

Question 19

Shaping a behavior in operant conditioning refers to
A) ignoring everything but the desired behavior.
B) punishing everything except the desired behavior.
C) rewarding successive approximations to the desired behavior.
D) rewarding any behavior that comes close to the desired behavior.

Accepted Answer

Shaping a behavior in operant conditioning involves rewarding successive approximations to the desired behavior. This means that instead of waiting for the desired behavior to occur, any behavior that comes close to the desired behavior is rewarded, and then gradually the rewards are given only for behaviors that are closer and closer to the desired behavior until the desired behavior is fully shaped. Ignoring or punishing everything except the desired behavior (options A and B) are not effective strategies in shaping a behavior in operant conditioning. Rewarding any behavior that comes close to the desired behavior (option D) may lead to confusion for the individual being conditioned, as they may not be aware which behavior is actually being rewarded.

Question 20

Which of the following is NOT associated with the humanistic theories of Carl Rogers?
A) Unconditional positive regard
B) Hierarchy of needs
C) Empathy
D) Person-centered therapy

Accepted Answer

The hierarchy of needs is associated with Abraham Maslow's humanistic theory, not Carl Rogers'. The other options are all associated with Carl Rogers' humanistic theory, such as his emphasis on empathy, person-centered therapy, and the importance of providing unconditional positive regard to promote personal growth and self-acceptance.

Quiz 1: Abnormal Behavior in Historical Context

A therapist who believes that a disorder is caused by biological, psychological, and social factors is said to be taking a(n) approach to understanding psychological disorders:

B.F. Skinner believed that behavior is best influenced by the use of .

Humanistic therapists regard as the single most positive influence in facilitating human growth.

Which method reflects the first general application of the behavioral method to psychopathology?

In classical conditioning, the presentation of the conditioned stimulus without the unconditioned stimulus over a long period of time would eventually lead to the

Mustafa was bitten by a deranged Chihuahua when he was five years old. Now he is afraid of all dogs. This is an example of

According to classical conditioning, learning occurs when

The continual interaction of biological, psychological, and social influences and their effect on behavior is a _________________ approach.

The following are all criticisms of Freud's theory EXCEPT:

A therapist using person-centered therapy is likely to

The systematic development of a scientific approach to psychopathology is represented by

Mustafa was bitten by a dog when he was five years old. Now he is afraid of any dog he sees. His fear of dog is a(n)

Most mental health professionals are aware that psychoanalysis as a treatment technique

The following are all true about the behavioral model EXCEPT:

Operant conditioning was so named because B.F. Skinner believed that

Unconditional positive regard is critical to the approach.

The causes of psychopathology are currently assumed to be

Shaping a behavior in operant conditioning refers to

Which of the following is NOT associated with the humanistic theories of Carl Rogers?