Question 1

An 8-week-old infant presents to his pediatrician for a well-baby checkup.Physical exam reveals a murmur and an echocardiogram confirms a ventricular septal defect.Which of the following genetic factors should the nurse assess for as it would most likely accompany this diagnosis?

Accepted Answer

Down syndrome is the genetic factor that would most likely accompany the diagnosis of a congenital heart defect.
Down syndrome,not Huntington disease,is the genetic factor that would most likely accompany a diagnosis of congenital heart defect.
Down syndrome,not color blindness,is the genetic factor that would most likely accompany a diagnosis of congenital heart defect.
Down syndrome,not hemophilia,is the genetic factor that would most likely accompany a diagnosis of congenital heart defect.

Question 2

A newborn child has a murmur and cyanosis.An echocardiogram reveals that the tricuspid valve failed to develop and no blood flows between the right atrium and ventricle.What term will the nurse use to describe this condition? Tricuspid:

Accepted Answer

Tricuspid atresia is failure of the tricuspid valve to develop; consequently,there is no communication from the right atrium to the right ventricle.
In regurgitation,blood moves backwards,but is not obstructed.
In stenosis,blood flow is narrowed,but not totally obstructed.
In transposition,the two great vessels are on opposite sides.

Question 3

A newborn baby is severely cyanotic.An echocardiogram reveals transposition of the great arteries.A nurse assesses for which of the following,as it usually occurs with this defect?

Accepted Answer

In transposition of the great arteries,the pulmonary artery leaves the left ventricle and the aorta exits from the right ventricle.
The pulmonary artery normally leaves the right ventricle.
A VSD is not associated with transposition of the great arteries.
An ASD is not associated with transposition of the great arteries.

Question 4

A 2-week-old infant presents with poor feeding,fatigue,dyspnea,and a murmur.She is diagnosed with a patent ductus arteriosus (PDA).A nurse recalls this condition results in a(n):

Accepted Answer

PDA is failure of the fetal ductus arteriosus to close.The continued patency of this vessel allows blood to flow from the higher-pressure aorta to the lower-pressure pulmonary artery,causing a left-to-right shunt.
PDA is failure of the fetal ductus arteriosus to close.The continued patency of this vessel allows blood to flow from the higher-pressure aorta to the lower-pressure pulmonary artery,causing a left-to-right shunt.It does not cause decreased pulmonary blood flow
PDA is failure of the fetal ductus arteriosus to close.The continued patency of this vessel allows blood to flow from the higher-pressure aorta to the lower-pressure pulmonary artery,causing a left-to-right shunt.
PDA is failure of the fetal ductus arteriosus to close.The continued patency of this vessel allows blood to flow from the higher-pressure aorta to the lower-pressure pulmonary artery,causing a left-to-right shunt.It could decrease systemic blood flow,not increase it.

Question 5

An 8-week-old infant presents to her primary care provider for a well-baby check.Physical exam reveals a murmur,and an echocardiogram shows a large ventricular septal defect.If left untreated,what condition should the nurse discuss with the parents?

Accepted Answer

If the degree of shunting is significant and not corrected,the child is at risk for developing pulmonary hypertension.
If the degree of shunting is significant and not corrected,the child is at risk for developing pulmonary hypertension.Cyanosis is not present at first if the shift is left to right.
If the degree of shunting is significant and not corrected,the child is at risk for developing pulmonary hypertension.Dysrhythmias do not occur.
If the degree of shunting is significant and not corrected,the child is at risk for developing pulmonary hypertension.The defect does not lead to valve damage.

Question 6

An infant undergoes an echocardiogram for a suspected heart defect.Tests reveal an opening in the middle of the atrial septum.What term would the nurse use to describe this defect?

Accepted Answer

An opening in the middle of the atrial septum is referred to as an ostium secundum ASD.
An ostium primum ASD is an opening low in the atrial septum and may be associated with abnormalities of the mitral valve.
A sinus venosus ASD is an opening usually high in the atrial wall and may be associated with partial anomalous pulmonary venous connection.
Eisenmenger syndrome is a condition in which shunting of blood is reversed because of high pulmonary pressure and resistance.

Question 7

A 1-month-old infant visits his primary care provider for a well-baby check.Physical exam reveals decreased cardiac output,hypotension,tachycardia,and a loud murmur suggestive of aortic stenosis.Which of the following would be expected with this diagnosis?

Accepted Answer

The infant with aortic stenosis will also be experiencing ventricular hypertrophy because of the resistance of blood flow from the left ventricle into the aorta.
Ventricular hypertrophy will occur,not atrial dilation.
Ventricular hypertrophy will occur,not atrial rigidity.
Ventricular hypertrophy will occur,not decreased contractility.

Question 8

A newborn develops a murmur and cyanosis shortly after birth.She is diagnosed with pulmonic stenosis (PS)after an echocardiogram revealed narrowing of the pulmonary:

Accepted Answer

PS is a narrowing or stricture of the pulmonary valve causing resistance to blood flow from the right ventricle to the pulmonary artery.
PS is a narrowing or stricture of the pulmonary valve,not the pulmonary tree,causing resistance to blood flow from the right ventricle to the pulmonary artery.
PS is a narrowing or stricture of the pulmonary valve,not the pulmonary artery,causing resistance to blood flow from the right ventricle to the pulmonary artery.
PS is a narrowing or stricture of the pulmonary valve,not the vein,causing resistance to blood flow from the right ventricle to the pulmonary artery.

Question 9

A 1-year-old female with a ventricular septal defect is experiencing left-sided heart failure.Which of the following symptoms will most likely occur?

Accepted Answer

Left heart failure in infants is manifested as poor feeding and sucking,often leading to failure to thrive and periorbital edema.
Left heart failure in infants is manifested as poor feeding and sucking,often leading to failure to thrive.Peripheral edema is a sign of right-sided failure.
Weight loss can occur,but not jaundice.
Flat neck veins and increased urinary output are not symptomatic of failure.

Question 10

When the pediatrician cardiologist discusses total anomalous pulmonary venous connection,which of the following statements BEST describes this condition?

Accepted Answer

The pulmonary venous return is connected to the right side of the circulation,rather than to the left atrium.
The pulmonary venous return is connected to the right side of the circulation,rather than to the left atrium.It does not include closure of the foramen ovale after birth.
The pulmonary venous return is connected to the right side of the circulation,rather than to the left atrium.
The pulmonary venous return is connected to the right side of the circulation,rather than to the left atrium.It does not involve closure of the foramen ovale.

Question 11

A 22-year-old pregnant woman presents to her OB/GYN for a prenatal checkup.The heartbeat sounds irregular,and a fetal echocardiogram reveals an atrioventricular canal (AVC)defect.This defect is the result of:

Accepted Answer

AVC defect is the result of incomplete fusion of endocardial cushions.
A patent ductus is the failure of the ductus arteriosus to close.
The infant will not experience a patent foramen ovale.
Flow is generally left to right,not right to left.

Question 12

A newborn experiences frequent periods of cyanosis,usually occurring during crying or after feeding.Which of the following is the most likely diagnosis the nurse will observe on the chart?

Accepted Answer

Infants with tetralogy of Fallot experience cyanosis after crying or during feeding.
Infants with AVC defect may experience cyanosis,but it is not related to feeding or crying.
Infants with a VSD do not experience cyanosis.
Infants with an ASD do not experience cyanosis.

Question 13

A newborn is suspected of having coarctation of the aorta.Which of the following assessments would aid in diagnosis?

Accepted Answer

The newborn will have weak or absent femoral pulses because blood flow is obstructed near the lower extremities.
The newborn will have weak or absent femoral pulses because blood flow is obstructed near the lower extremities.Coarctation is not a cyanotic defect.
The newborn will have weak or absent femoral pulses because blood flow is obstructed near the lower extremities,not bounding pedal pulses.
The newborn will have weak or absent femoral pulses because blood flow is obstructed near the lower extremities.The infant will have warm arms because blood flow is present in the upper extremities.

Question 14

A newborn child is diagnosed with tetralogy of Fallot.What symptoms would the nurse expect to observe in the child?

Accepted Answer

The child will experience cyanosis and hypoxia.
This type of shunt decreases flow through the pulmonary system,causing less than normal oxygen delivery to the tissues and resultant cyanosis.It will not cause a high-pitched cry.
This type of shunt decreases flow through the pulmonary system,causing less than normal oxygen delivery to the tissues and resultant cyanosis.It will not cause leg pain; leg pain occurs in coarctation of the aorta.
This type of shunt decreases flow through the pulmonary system,causing less than normal oxygen delivery to the tissues and resultant cyanosis.Epistaxis is associated with coarctation of the aorta.

Question 15

When a staff member asks what coarctation of the aorta is,how should the nurse respond? Coarctation of the aorta is the local narrowing of the aorta near the:

Accepted Answer

Coarctation of the aorta is narrowing of the aorta near the ductus arteriosus.
Coarctation of the aorta is narrowing of the aorta near the ductus arteriosus,not the aortic valve.
Coarctation of the aorta is narrowing of the aorta near the ductus arteriosus,not the diaphragm.
Coarctation of the aorta is narrowing of the aorta near the ductus arteriosus,not the bifurcation site.

Question 16

Which is the most common type of congenital heart defect the nurse should assess for in infants?

Accepted Answer

The most common type of congenital heart defect is a VSD.
The most common type of congenital heart defect is a VSD,not an ASD.
The most common type of congenital heart defect is a VSD,not tetralogy of Fallot.
The most common type of congenital heart defect is a VSD,not atrioventricular canal defect.

Question 17

When a staff member asks what the patent opening between the aorta and pulmonary artery in a fetus is called,how should the nurse reply? It is the:

Accepted Answer

In the fetal circulation,the ductus arteriosus is an opening between the aorta and the pulmonary artery.
The foramen ovale allows flow of blood between the left and right atrium.
The sinus venosus is a type of atrial septal defect.
The septal defect is an opening in the septum.

Question 18

A newborn is diagnosed with congenital heart disease.Which of the following intrauterine factors should the nurse focus on during the history that could have caused this disorder?

Accepted Answer

One of the identified causes of cardiac defects,such as pulmonic stenosis,is maternal conditions,such as intrauterine viral infections,especially rubella.
Diabetes contributes to large babies; maternal infection contributes to cardiac abnormalities.
Alcohol exposure contributes to abnormalities such as facial changes; maternal conditions,such as intrauterine viral infections,especially rubella,lead to congenital abnormalities.
Medications such as dextroamphetamines lead to other abnormalities; maternal conditions,such as intrauterine viral infections,especially rubella,lead to congenital abnormalities.

Question 19

A 1-month-old infant was diagnosed with truncus arteriosus (TA)with a ventricular septal defect.Which of the following would the nurse also expect?

Accepted Answer

TA is failure of normal separation and division of the embryonic outflow track into a pulmonary artery and an aorta,resulting in a single vessel that exits the heart.
TA is failure of normal separation and division of the embryonic outflow track into a pulmonary artery and an aorta,resulting in a single vessel that exits the heart.It does not involve hypertrophy of the aorta.
TA is failure of normal separation and division of the embryonic outflow track into a pulmonary artery and an aorta,resulting in a single vessel that exits the heart.It does not involve transposition of the aorta.
TA is failure of normal separation and division of the embryonic outflow track into a pulmonary artery and an aorta,resulting in a single vessel that exits the heart.It does not involve the aorta returning blood to the right atrium.

Question 20

A 22-year-old pregnant female presents for a fetal echocardiogram.Tests reveal small left atrium and mitral valve and an absent left ventricle and aortic valve.The diagnosis is hypoplastic left heart syndrome (HLHS).The nurse will anticipate that the treatment for this defect is:

Accepted Answer

Treatment of HLHS is heart surgery and the possibility of a heart transplant.
The disorder is often fatal.
Repair of the disorder requires multiple progressive surgeries.
Symptoms of the disorder includes mild cyanosis,tachypnea,and low cardiac output.

Quiz 24: Alterations of Cardiovascular Function in Children