Question 1

The ________ is used as a measure of the strength of association in the special case of a table with two rows and two columns (a 2 × 2 table).

Accepted Answer

The phi coefficient is the appropriate measure of association for a 2x2 table. The contingency coefficient and Cramer's V are used for larger tables, and the chi-square coefficient is a measure of the overall goodness of fit of the data.

Question 2

Which of the following statements is not true about parametric tests?

Accepted Answer

Parametric tests are used when the independent variables are metric, not non-metric. Non-metric variables require the use of nonparametric tests. B and C are correct statements about parametric tests.

Question 3

Which statement is not related to statistics associated with cross-tabulation?

Accepted Answer

The statement about conducting a t test on the mean of one sample or two samples of observations is related to basic inferential statistics, but not specifically to cross-tabulation.

Question 4

________ is a measure of the strength of association used in tables larger than 2 × 2.

Accepted Answer

Cramer's V is a measure of the strength of association used in tables larger than 2 × 2. It is a correlation coefficient that ranges between 0 and 1, with higher values indicating stronger association between variables. Choices A, C, and D are not correct as the coefficient of variation is used in descriptive statistics to measure variability, Phi coefficient is used for 2 × 2 tables, and Chi-square coefficient is a measure of the degree of fit of observed data to expected data.

Question 5

Tau b,tau c,and gamma are available to measure association between two ________-level variables.

Accepted Answer

Tau b, tau c, and gamma are all measures of association that are designed specifically for ordinal level variables, which have a natural ordering but not necessarily equal intervals between values. Therefore, option B is the best choice as it specifies ordinal level variables.

Question 6

________ is an average of the two asymmetric lambda values.It does not make an assumption about which variable is dependent.

Accepted Answer

The description provided in the question matches the definition of Symmetric lambda.

Question 7

________ is a test statistic that measures the association between two ordinal-level variables.It makes an adjustment for ties and is most appropriate when the table of variables is not square but a rectangle.

Accepted Answer

Tau c is specifically designed for ordinal-level variables and adjusts for ties, making it suitable for rectangular tables, unlike Tau b which is more appropriate for square tables.

Question 8

________ is a modified version of the phi correlation coefficient,Φ.

Accepted Answer

Cramer's V is a modified version of the phi correlation coefficient that takes into account the size of the contingency table. It ranges from 0 to 1, with higher values indicating a stronger association between the variables. It is commonly used in the analysis of categorical data.

Question 9

Which of the following statements is not true concerning cross-tabulation?

Accepted Answer

The statement that no more than three variables can be cross-tabulated is not true. Cross-tabulation can be done with more than three variables, but it becomes more complex and difficult to interpret.

Question 10

The ________ is used to test the statistical significance of the observed association in cross-tabulation.

Accepted Answer

The chi-square statistic is a measure of the difference between the observed frequencies in the cross-tabulation and the expected frequencies under the null hypothesis of no association. A large chi-square value indicates a significant association between the two variables. The other options (contingency coefficient, Cramer's V, and phi coefficient) are measures of the strength of association but do not directly test for statistical significance.

Question 11

The ________ is a symmetric bell-shaped distribution that is useful for small sample (n < 30)testing.

Accepted Answer

The t distribution is specifically designed for small sample testing and has a symmetric bell-shaped distribution. The other options are not appropriate for this type of test.

Question 12

________ is a test statistic that measures the association between two ordinal-level variables.It makes an adjustment for ties and is most appropriate when the table of variable is square.

Accepted Answer

Tau b is a test statistic that measures the association between two ordinal-level variables. It takes into account ties and is most appropriate when the table of variables is square. Symmetric lambda can also be used for ordinal data, but it does not make an adjustment for ties. Tau c is similar to Tau b but is better suited for rectangular tables. Gamma is appropriate for measuring the association between two ordinal-level variables but does not make an adjustment for ties. Therefore, A) Tau b is the best choice for this scenario.

Question 13

The ________ is a univariate hypothesis test using the t distribution,which is used when the standard deviation is unknown and the sample size is small.

Accepted Answer

The t test is used when the standard deviation is unknown and the sample size is small. The z test is used when the standard deviation is known and the sample size is large. The paired samples test is used when comparing two related samples. The F test is used for testing the equality of two population variances.

Question 14

The ________ is a statistic that assumes that the variable has a symmetric bell-shaped distribution and the mean is known (or assumed to be known)and the population variance is estimated from the sample.

Accepted Answer

The t statistic is used when the population variance is unknown and is estimated from the sample, especially in cases where the sample size is small (typically less than 30). It is designed for situations with a symmetric bell-shaped distribution and when the mean is known or assumed to be known.

Question 15

________ are hypothesis testing procedures that assume that the variables of interest are measured on at least an interval scale.

Accepted Answer

Parametric tests assume that the variables are measured on at least an interval scale and follow a normal distribution. Examples of parametric tests include t-tests, ANOVA, and regression analysis. Parameter tests are a broad category of tests that include both parametric and nonparametric tests, while nonparametric tests do not make assumptions about the distribution of the variables and can be used for data measured on a nominal or ordinal scale.

Question 16

________ is a test statistic that measures the association between two ordinal-level variables.It does not make an adjustment for ties.

Accepted Answer

Gamma is the test statistic that measures the association between two ordinal-level variables without making an adjustment for ties. Tau b and Tau c are variations of Kendall's tau that do adjust for ties in the data, and Symmetric lambda is a measure of association for nominal variables.

Question 17

________ are hypothesis testing procedures that assume that the variables are measured on a nominal or ordinal scale.

Accepted Answer

Nonparametric tests, also known as distribution-free tests, are appropriate for hypothesis testing when the variables are measured on a nominal or ordinal scale. In contrast, parametric tests assume normal distribution and continuous data, while parameter tests are used to estimate population parameters.

Question 18

The ________ can be used to assess the strength of association in a table of any size.

Accepted Answer

The contingency coefficient can measure the strength and direction of association in a table of any size, making it the most appropriate choice among the given options. The coefficient of variation measures the relative variability of data, while phi coefficient and chi-square coefficient measure association in 2x2 tables specifically.

Question 19

________ is a measure of the percentage improvement in predicting the value of the dependent variable,given the value of the independent variable in contingency table analysis.

Accepted Answer

Asymmetric lambda is a measure used in contingency table analysis to quantify the improvement in predicting the value of the dependent variable given the value of the independent variable. It is asymmetric because it measures the predictive improvement in one direction (from independent to dependent variable) and not necessarily the other way around.

Question 20

The ________ is a skewed distribution whose shape depends solely on the number of degrees of freedom.As the number of degrees of freedom increases,the distribution becomes more symmetrical.

Accepted Answer

The chi-square distribution is the correct answer because its shape indeed depends solely on the number of degrees of freedom, and as the number of degrees of freedom increases, the distribution becomes more symmetrical.

Quiz 15: Frequency Distribution,cross-Tabulation,and Hypothesis Testing

The ________ is used as a measure of the strength of association in the special case of a table with two rows and two columns (a 2 × 2 table) .