Question 1

Learning is a process by which experience results in __________.
A) acquisition of motivation
B) relatively permanent behavior change
C) amplification of sensory stimuli
D) delayed genetic behavioral contributions

Accepted Answer

Learning involves relatively permanent behavior change, which is the result of experience. The other options are not accurate descriptions of the process of learning.

Question 2

Classical conditioning was discovered by _______.
A) Pavlov
B) Watson
C) Thorndike
D) Skinner

Accepted Answer

Classical conditioning was first discovered by Ivan Pavlov, a Russian physiologist, while studying digestion in dogs.

Question 3

We associate the name of _______ most closely with classical conditioning.
A) B. F. Skinner
B) Robert Rescorla
C) Albert Bandura
D) Ivan Pavlov

Accepted Answer

Ivan Pavlov is known as the founder of classical conditioning, a type of learning in which an organism learns to associate stimuli and anticipate events. Pavlov famously conditioned dogs to salivate at the sound of a bell by repeatedly pairing the sound of the bell with the presentation of food.

Question 4

Some of the simplest and most basic learning that involves the acquisition of fairly specific patterns of behaviors in the presence of well-defined stimuli is:
A) motivation.
B) cognitive dissonance.
C) integration.
D) conditioning.

Accepted Answer

Conditioning involves the association of a particular behavior with a specific stimulus or situation. This type of learning can be relatively simple and specific, such as a dog learning to salivate when hearing a bell because it has been associated with food. Motivation, cognitive dissonance, and integration all involve more complex psychological processes than simple conditioning.

Question 5

The process by which experience results in a relatively permanent change in what one is capable of doing is called:
A) knowledge.
B) intelligence.
C) learning.
D) performance.

Accepted Answer

Learning refers to the ability to acquire and apply knowledge or skills through experience, instruction, or study. It involves a relatively permanent change in behavior or capabilities as a result of experience. While knowledge and intelligence can contribute to learning, they are not the same as the process of learning itself. Performance, on the other hand, refers to how well one can complete a task or activity, and may or may not involve learning.

Question 6

Ivan Pavlov is most closely associated with __________.
A) vicarious learning
B) the Law of Effect
C) operant conditioning
D) classical conditioning

Accepted Answer

Ivan Pavlov is most closely associated with classical conditioning, which involves learning through the association of a neutral stimulus with an unconditioned stimulus to elicit a conditioned response. Pavlov famously conducted experiments with dogs, in which he conditioned them to salivate at the sound of a bell by repeatedly ringing the bell before presenting them with food.

Question 7

Many individuals decide that they feel hungry and eat lunch when they see both hands of the clock on the 12, indicating that it is noontime. This may occur regardless of how recently they ate breakfast. In this example, the conditioned response is:
A) the act of eating breakfast.
B) the act of eating lunch.
C) the counting of the number of hours since breakfast.
D) the watching of the hands of the clock.

Accepted Answer

The conditioned response is the act of eating lunch when seeing both hands of the clock on the 12, indicating that it is noontime. The act of eating breakfast is the unconditioned response, as it occurs naturally without any conditioning. The counting of the number of hours since breakfast and the watching of the hands of the clock are neutral stimuli and not the conditioned response.

Question 8

An experiment finds that a certain male subject always has an increased heartbeat when he hears a certain piece of music. The experimenter sounds a buzzer and then plays the piece of music. The experimenter repeats this procedure until the man responds with an increased heartbeat to the sound of the buzzer alone. In this situation the UNCONDITIONED response is the:
A) increased heartbeat.
B) piece of music.
C) sound of the buzzer.
D) listening to the music.

Accepted Answer

The unconditioned response is the natural response that occurs without any prior conditioning. In this situation, the increased heartbeat when the man hears the certain piece of music is the unconditioned response.

Question 9

By pairing the ringing of a bell with the presentation of meat, Pavlov trained dogs to salivate to the sound of a bell even when no meat was presented. In this experiment, the presentation of the meat was the __________.
A) unconditioned stimulus
B) unconditioned response
C) conditioned stimulus
D) conditioned response

Accepted Answer

The unconditioned stimulus is a stimulus that naturally and automatically triggers a response in an organism. In Pavlov's experiment, the presentation of meat is the unconditioned stimulus because it naturally triggers the response of salivation in the dogs.

Question 10

Which of the following illustrates an unconditioned stimulus (US)?
A) blinking when air is blown into your eye
B) blinking, when you hear your favorite song
C) your favorite song
D) a puff of air to your eye

Accepted Answer

The unconditioned stimulus (US) is the puff of air to the eye, which elicits the unconditioned response (blinking) without any prior learning or conditioning.

Question 11

A research participant hears a tone followed by a puff of air directed toward his eye. Later, he blinks when he hears the tone. Before ending the experiment, what could the researcher do in order to extinguish the blinking to that tone?
A) present the tone alone repeatedly
B) present the puff of air alone repeatedly
C) increase the loudness of the tone
D) increase the amount of air that is directed toward the eye

Accepted Answer

Presenting the tone alone repeatedly without the puff of air will eventually lead to extinction of the learned response of blinking to the tone. This is because the participant will learn that the tone does not necessarily predict the puff of air anymore. Simply increasing the loudness of the tone or amount of air directed toward the eye may not necessarily lead to extinction of the learned response, and presenting the puff of air alone repeatedly without the tone may not necessarily be effective in extinguishing the response to the tone.

Question 12

Which is the most accurate conclusion from the large body of research that exists on the effects of viewing media violence?
A) Viewing aggression directly causes increased aggression and desensitization to violence.
B) Viewing aggression does not cause increased aggression and desensitization to violence.
C) Viewing aggression is related to increased aggression and desensitization to violence.
D) Viewing aggression is not related to increased aggression and desensitization to violence.

Accepted Answer

While there may be some variations in the findings of individual studies, the general consensus among researchers is that there is a relationship between viewing media violence and increased aggression and desensitization to violence. However, it is important to note that this is a complex issue and there are many factors that can influence the effects of media violence on individuals, such as age, gender, personality, and family dynamics.

Question 13

Rachel has found that when she opens the cupboard door to get the cat food, the cats come running to the kitchen. Rachel knows that this is classical conditioning and that the conditioned stimulus is the __________.
A) cat food
B) cat
C) running of the cats
D) cupboard door opening

Accepted Answer

The conditioned stimulus is the thing that triggers the response (in this case, the cats running to the kitchen), which in this scenario is the sound or sight of the cupboard door opening. Therefore, the best choice is D, cupboard door opening.

Question 14

Which of the following is an example of learning?
A) The human brain continues to grow and develop after birth.
B) A human male develops the capacity to produce sperm cells at puberty.
C) Drinking coffee makes a person more aroused.
D) A student does not swat at a wasp buzzing around her head.

Accepted Answer

Learning involves acquiring new knowledge or behavior based on experience. In this scenario, the student's decision to not swat at the wasp demonstrates learning because in the past, they may have responded differently (such as swatting at a buzzing insect), but now they are able to adjust their behavior based on past experiences.

Question 15

What must be paired together for classical conditioning to occur?
A) unconditioned stimulus and unconditioned response
B) conditioned response and unconditioned response
C) neutral stimulus and unconditioned stimulus
D) neutral stimulus and conditioned stimulus

Accepted Answer

Classical conditioning occurs when a neutral stimulus (one that does not elicit a response) is consistently paired with an unconditioned stimulus (one that naturally elicits a response). This pairing eventually leads to the neutral stimulus becoming a conditioned stimulus (one that now also elicits a response). The unconditioned response is the natural response to the unconditioned stimulus, and the conditioned response is the learned response to the conditioned stimulus. Option A pairs unconditioned stimulus and unconditioned response, which are already naturally linked. Option B pairs two responses, one of which is learned and the other natural, which does not make sense. Option D pairs a neutral stimulus and a conditioned stimulus, which would not lead to any conditioning as by definition, the conditioned stimulus must be learned through pairing.

Question 16

By pairing the ringing of a bell with the presentation of meat, Pavlov trained dogs to salivate to the sound of a bell even when no meat was presented. In this experiment, the presentation of the meat was the:
A) unconditioned stimulus.
B) unconditioned response.
C) conditioned stimulus.
D) conditioned response.

Accepted Answer

The presentation of meat is the unconditioned stimulus because it naturally and automatically leads to the unconditioned response of salivating without any prior training.

Question 17

To learn most effectively, you should _____ your study time and study material in _____ order.
A) distribute; a different
B) distribute; the same
C) mass (cram); a different
D) mass (cram); the same

Accepted Answer

Distributing study time (spaced repetition) and studying material in a different order (interleaving) are effective learning strategies that enhance retention and understanding.

Question 18

When Casey opens the closet door to get some dog food, her dog salivates. What is the conditioned stimulus in this example?
A) dog food
B) the cat running
C) the sound of the closet door opening
D) the dog

Accepted Answer

The conditioned stimulus is the sound of the closet door opening because it has become associated with the unconditioned stimulus (dog food) in the dog's mind through repeated pairings during the conditioning process.

Question 19

By pairing the ringing of a bell with the presentation of meat, Pavlov trained dogs to salivate to the sound of a bell even when no meat was presented. In this experiment, the ringing of the bell was the __________.
A) unconditioned stimulus
B) unconditioned response
C) conditioned stimulus
D) conditioned response

Accepted Answer

The ringing of the bell was the conditioned stimulus because it was a neutral stimulus that, through association with the unconditioned stimulus (meat), came to elicit a conditioned response (salivation).

Question 20

The process by which experience or practice results in a relatively permanent change in behavior or potential behavior is known as __________.
A) learning
B) intelligence formation
C) imprinting
D) cognition

Accepted Answer

Learning involves acquiring knowledge or skills through experience, instruction, or study. It results in a relatively permanent change in behavior or potential behavior, which distinguishes it from temporary changes caused by fatigue or illness. Intelligence formation refers to the development of intellectual abilities or capacity, which can influence learning but is not synonymous with it. Imprinting is a type of learning that occurs during a critical period of development, typically in animals, where an object or organism becomes associated with social attachment or recognition. Cognition refers to mental processes related to perception, attention, memory, language, problem-solving, and decision-making, which can contribute to learning but are not identical to it.

Quiz 6: Learning

Learning is a process by which experience results in __________.

Classical conditioning was discovered by _______.

We associate the name of _______ most closely with classical conditioning.

Some of the simplest and most basic learning that involves the acquisition of fairly specific patterns of behaviors in the presence of well-defined stimuli is:

The process by which experience results in a relatively permanent change in what one is capable of doing is called:

Ivan Pavlov is most closely associated with __________.

Many individuals decide that they feel hungry and eat lunch when they see both hands of the clock on the 12, indicating that it is noontime. This may occur regardless of how recently they ate breakfast. In this example, the conditioned response is:

By pairing the ringing of a bell with the presentation of meat, Pavlov trained dogs to salivate to the sound of a bell even when no meat was presented. In this experiment, the presentation of the meat was the __________.

Which of the following illustrates an unconditioned stimulus (US) ?

A research participant hears a tone followed by a puff of air directed toward his eye. Later, he blinks when he hears the tone. Before ending the experiment, what could the researcher do in order to extinguish the blinking to that tone?

Which is the most accurate conclusion from the large body of research that exists on the effects of viewing media violence?

Rachel has found that when she opens the cupboard door to get the cat food, the cats come running to the kitchen. Rachel knows that this is classical conditioning and that the conditioned stimulus is the __________.

Which of the following is an example of learning?

What must be paired together for classical conditioning to occur?

By pairing the ringing of a bell with the presentation of meat, Pavlov trained dogs to salivate to the sound of a bell even when no meat was presented. In this experiment, the presentation of the meat was the:

To learn most effectively, you should _ your study time and study material in _ order.

When Casey opens the closet door to get some dog food, her dog salivates. What is the conditioned stimulus in this example?

By pairing the ringing of a bell with the presentation of meat, Pavlov trained dogs to salivate to the sound of a bell even when no meat was presented. In this experiment, the ringing of the bell was the __________.

The process by which experience or practice results in a relatively permanent change in behavior or potential behavior is known as __________.