Question 1

Martial satisfaction in couples with children tends to increase

Accepted Answer

Studies have shown that marital satisfaction tends to dip during the years when children are young and require a lot of attention and energy from their parents. However, as children grow older and become more independent, couples tend to regain their marital satisfaction. Therefore, the choice that best fits this evidence is B, which suggests that satisfaction tends to increase after children have left the nest.

Question 2

Which of the following is not a likely factor that would create a cohort effect for a study on lifetime cognitive development in healthy people?

Accepted Answer

Differences in genes between individuals do not vary by birth cohort because genes are inherited at conception and remain the same throughout an individual's lifetime. Cohort effects arise from differences in environmental factors or experiences that vary by age or time period. Therefore, A is not a likely factor that would create a cohort effect.

Question 3

The effects of language deprivation during infancy and childhood can be irreversible. This fact is best explained by which concept?

Accepted Answer

The concept that best explains the irreversible effects of language deprivation during infancy and childhood is sensitive period. This refers to a specific time period during early development when the brain is most receptive to acquiring certain skills or abilities, such as language. If this sensitive period is missed, it can be difficult or impossible to fully develop these skills later in life.

Question 4

Charmaine is interested in going to graduate school to gain expertise into the ways in which people experience physical, cognitive, social, and emotional changes over the course of their lives. The type of program that Charmaine should be applying to is __________ psychology.

Accepted Answer

Charmaine's interest in studying physical, cognitive, social, and emotional changes over the course of people's lives aligns with the focus of developmental psychology. This field examines how individuals change and develop over time, and covers all stages of life from infancy to old age. Child psychology is a subfield of developmental psychology that specifically focuses on the development of children, while social and ecological psychology have different areas of focus.

Question 5

Xiao is gathering research on the number of daily calories people typically consume at various ages. He gathers data about the number of calories eaten by 25 people at each of the following ages: 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, and 70 years. What type of research design is Xiao using?

Accepted Answer

Xiao is using a cross-sectional research design as he is gathering data from different age groups at the same time. This type of design allows for comparisons to be made between the different age groups, but it cannot track changes over time within each individual.

Question 6

Which of the following has not been recommended for helping preterm infants survive and thrive?

Accepted Answer

Increasing stimulation has not been recommended for preterm infants as they can easily become overstimulated and experience negative effects on their development. It is important to provide a balance of stimulation and reduce excessive and stressful stimuli. The other options, reducing stimulation, massage, and ongoing physical contact, have all been recommended as beneficial for preterm infants.

Question 7

Which of the following is true about the connection between the MMR vaccine and autism?

Accepted Answer

Multiple studies have been conducted to investigate the supposed link between the MMR vaccine and autism, and none of them have found any scientific evidence to support the claim that the vaccine causes autism. Therefore, the best choice is A. B and C are incorrect because they suggest uncertainty or falsity about the connection, and D is incorrect because there is no evidence to support the claim that multiple doses of the vaccine cause autism.

Question 8

A healthy adult with no signs of dementia in his or her 80s is likely to have the most difficulty doing which of the following tasks?

Accepted Answer

As people age, they may experience a decline in fluid intelligence, which affects problem-solving and logical reasoning abilities, making tasks like solving logic problems more challenging.

Question 9

Parents who attend to their children's psychological abilities and guide them through the learning process are using _______.

Accepted Answer

Scaffolding refers to the process in which a parent or teacher provides support to a child as they learn and gradually removes that support as the child becomes more competent. This process can help children to develop their psychological abilities and achieve success in their learning. The other options, tutoring, core knowledge, and the zone of proximal development, may also be important in the learning process, but they do not specifically refer to the process of providing support and guidance to children as they learn.

Question 10

To study the effect of daycare programs on academic performance, a researcher follows the same 30 children who did or did not attend daycare programs as they go through kindergarten to sixth grade. Which type of design is the researcher using?

Accepted Answer

The researcher is using a longitudinal design, as they are following the same group of children over a period of time (kindergarten to sixth grade) to study the effect of daycare programs on academic performance. A cross-sectional design would involve studying different groups of children at different ages/grades, while a cohort design would involve studying groups of children who were born at the same time but may not necessarily be the same group over time. A latitudinal design is not a commonly used term in research design.

Question 11

Rachel believes that it is wrong to steal because doing so works against the greater good of society, regardless of whether it is legal or illegal. Which level of Kohlberg's moral development scheme is Rachel applying in this scenario?

Accepted Answer

Rachel is applying postconventional moral reasoning by viewing stealing as wrong because it goes against the greater good of society, rather than simply seeing it as illegal or immoral based on cultural or personal values (which would be characteristic of conventional or preconventional moral reasoning, respectively).

Question 12

__________ studies observe different individuals at different ages at a single point in time.

Accepted Answer

Cross-sectional studies gather data from different individuals at the same point in time, while longitudinal studies observe a single group of individuals over time. Sequential studies combine elements of both cross-sectional and longitudinal designs, and cross-longitudinal studies do not exist.

Question 13

You remember that your parents were warm and responsive but set reasonable rules and expectations for your behavior. They would most likely be characterized as having an _______ parenting style.

Accepted Answer

Authoritative parenting style is characterized by warmth and responsiveness, while also setting reasonable rules and expectations for behavior. This style is often associated with positive outcomes for children, such as higher self-esteem and better social skills. Authoritarian parenting style is characterized by strict rules and high expectations without much warmth or responsiveness, indulgent-permissive parenting style is characterized by lots of warmth and responsiveness but few rules or expectations, and indifferent-uninvolved parenting style is characterized by low warmth and responsiveness and few rules or expectations.

Question 14

A child in the sensorimotor stage may quit looking or reaching for a toy if you move it out of sight. This behavior reflects the fact that the child has not developed _______.

Accepted Answer

Object permanence is the understanding that objects continue to exist even when they cannot be seen or touched. Children in the sensorimotor stage (birth to 2 years) are in the process of developing object permanence, and may not continue to look for or reach for a toy that has been moved out of their sight because they have not yet fully grasped the concept of object permanence. Core knowledge, conservation, and preoperations are all concepts that are developed later in childhood.

Question 15

Two-year-old Irina talks to her brother, who is wearing headphones and looking away, and becomes frustrated that he is (or seems to be) ignoring her. Irina's misunderstanding is likely to do the fact that she is in a(n) _______ stage of development.

Accepted Answer

Egocentrism is a characteristic of the preoperational stage of development according to Piaget's theory of cognitive development. This means that children at this stage have difficulty understanding things from a perspective other than their own, including the fact that others might have different thoughts or feelings than themselves. Therefore, Irina may not understand that her brother is focused on something else and is not intentionally ignoring her.

Question 16

Temperament refers to:

Accepted Answer

Temperament generally refers to a person's innate, stable patterns of emotional reactivity and characteristic ways of responding to stimuli. It is not limited to only anger, body temperature, or self-recognition in a mirror.

Question 17

Which of the following types of changes are of interest to a developmental psychologist?

Accepted Answer

Developmental psychology focuses on the entire lifespan and how individuals change across various domains, including biological, cognitive, and psychosocial areas. Therefore, all of these types of changes would be of interest to a developmental psychologist.

Question 18

Harry Harlow's research with infant monkeys demonstrated the importance of:

Accepted Answer

Harry Harlow's research showed that physical contact and the bond infants form with their mothers is crucial for their social and emotional development.

Question 19

__________ psychologists study how humans change over the course of the lifespan.

Accepted Answer

Developmental psychologists study how humans change over the course of the lifespan, from infancy to old age. They focus on the physical, cognitive, and social changes that occur at different stages of development, as well as the individual differences that affect those changes.

Question 20

An enduring emotional bond characterized by a strong motivation for physical and psychological comfort is referred to as _______.

Accepted Answer

The definition provided matches the definition of attachment, which is a lasting emotional bond characterized by a desire for physical and psychological comfort with a specific person or object. Empathy, object permanence, and theory of mind are related but distinct concepts that do not capture this specific definition.

Quiz 10: Life Span Development