Quiz 12: Pathophysiology

The most abundant cation in the intracellular fluid is: A) potassium. B) sodium. C) magnesium. D) calcium.

Which type of shock is differentiated from other types by the presence of laryngeal edema? A) Anaphylactic B) Septic C) Cardiogenic D) Hypovolemic

One of the primary functions of cortisol as it is released during the stress response is to: A) inhibit lipolysis. B) promote the release of beta-endorphins. C) potentiate serotonin. D) stimulate gluconeogenesis.

Mast cells activate the inflammatory response through: A) degranulation and synthesis. B) granulation and synthesis. C) degranulation and agglutination. D) granulation and agglutination.

The study of the ways in which diseases interfere with normal body functions is called: A) pathophysiology. B) epidemiology. C) immunology. D) pathology.

The type of blood that may be administered to all people in an emergency, regardless of their blood type, is: A) O negative. B) AB positive. C) AB negative. D) O positive.

Which of the following is NOT part of the body's response in secondary multiple organ dysfunction syndrome (MODS)? A) Inflammatory mediators enter the system. B) Plasma protein systems are activated. C) Endorphin release contributes to vasodilation. D) Catecholamine release is inhibited.

Which of the following is NOT one of the body's three chief lines of defense against infection and injury? A) Homeopathic secretions B) Inflammatory response C) Anatomic barriers D) Immune response

Which of the following barriers provides the greatest degree of specificity when eliminating foreign substances from the body? A) Apocrine secretions B) Inflammation C) Anatomical barriers D) Immunity

Which of the following factors may contribute to the development of disease in geriatric patients? A) Genetic predisposition B) Preexisting disease(s) C) Inadequate nutrition D) All of the above

B lymphocytes are primarily responsible for: A) neutralizing antigens. B) producing antibodies. C) directly attacking antigens. D) producing antigens.

Which of the following terms refers to the movement of a substance from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration without the use of energy? A) Diffusion B) Facilitation C) Osmosis D) Active transport

Poisons released from bacterial cells when they die are known as: A) endotoxins. B) epitoxins. C) exotoxins. D) ectotoxins.

The process in which the size of a cell decreases as a result of a decreasing workload is known as: A) hypertrophy. B) metaplasia. C) atrophy. D) hyperplasia.

The excess elimination of hydrogen ions, as may occur in vomiting, can result in: A) metabolic alkalosis. B) respiratory alkalosis. C) metabolic acidosis. D) respiratory acidosis.

Which of the following is TRUE of anaerobic metabolism? A) It occurs only in pathological conditions. B) It occurs only during very strenuous exercise. C) It is a normal part of cellular metabolism. D) It occurs only in the presence of oxygen.

Which of the following is NOT an acute inflammatory response? A) Increased vascular permeability B) Vasodilation C) Cellular infiltration D) Thrombolysis

Which of the following pH values indicates acidosis in the human body? A) 7.35 B) 7.30 C) 7.40 D) 7.45

The attraction of leukocytes to the site of inflammation during degranulation is called: A) apoptosis. B) histocompatibility. C) chemotaxis. D) catabolism.

The shift of intravascular fluid to the interstitial spaces is commonly called: A) diuresis. B) third-space fluid loss. C) insensible water loss. D) turgor.

The activation of several body systems' baroreceptors to reestablish a normal blood pressure is a process known as: A) compensation. B) positive feedback. C) inflammatory. D) pathological.

Oncotic force is related to the amount of ________ in a solution. A) electrolytes B) water C) anions D) protein

As blood volume is lost due to a traumatic injury, the body's response is to: A) decrease heart rate and vasoconstrict major veins. B) increase heart rate and decrease systemic vascular resistance. C) decrease heart rate and promote peripheral vasoconstriction. D) increase heart rate and close precapillary arterioles.

Which of the following is considered the body's "first line of defense" when preventing infection and injury? A) Chemotactic reactions B) Anatomic barriers C) Immune response D) Inflammatory response

Hemolytic disease of the newborn is most likely when an Rh ________ mother has previously given birth to an Rh ________ infant and is now pregnant with an Rh ________ fetus. A) negative; positive; positive B) positive; negative; positive C) negative; positive; negative D) positive; negative; negative

Adequate perfusion depends on: A) the presence of oxygen in the blood. B) adequate production of carbon dioxide. C) adequate blood pressure. D) intact pump, intact container and fluid.

On average, the human body weight is about ________ percent water. A) 50 B) 70 C) 60 D) 80

Blood pressure is represented by: A) cardiac output multiplied by peripheral vascular resistance. B) the difference between preload and afterload. C) stroke volume multiplied by heart rate. D) the difference between cardiac contractile force and peripheral vascular resistance.

Which of the following is TRUE of leukotrienes? A) They are released by B lymphocytes. B) They inhibit vascular permeability. C) They promote faster effects than histamines. D) They are known as SRS-As.

Which of the following best describes an antibody? A) A toxin released when cells die B) A cell that engulfs and destroys invading pathogens C) A substance secreted by apocrine glands D) A substance produced by B lymphocytes that binds with an antigen

Pulmonary edema is characteristic of which of the following types of shock? A) Hypovolemic B) Septic C) Cardiogenic D) Neurogenic

T lymphocytes are primarily responsible for: A) directly attacking antigens. B) producing antibodies. C) neutralizing antigens. D) producing antigens.

The term pH is a measure of: A) hydrogen ion concentration. B) sodium bicarbonate concentration. C) carbonic acid concentration. D) sodium hydroxide concentration.

Which of the following processes is used when glucose enters a body cell? A) Diffusion B) Facilitated diffusion C) Active transport D) Hydrostatic pressure

What is the primary constituent of plasma? A) Clotting factors B) Water C) Proteins D) Electrolytes

What is the name of the level of structural organization that consists of groups of tissues working together? A) Organ B) Organism C) Organ system D) Organelle

Which one of the following is most likely to result in hypovolemic shock? A) Acute spinal cord injury B) Gunshot wound to the hand C) Left ventricular failure D) Penetrating trauma to the abdomen

When cells are moderately differentiated with some structural similarity to the tissue of origin and the prognosis is fair, this is what grade of cancer cell? A) 2 B) X C) 1 D) 3

How many molecules of ATP are produced from glycolysis? A) 2 B) 3 C) 4 D) 5

Which of the following impairs cellular metabolism in shock? A) Impaired use of both oxygen and glucose B) Impaired use of oxygen only C) Impaired use of glucose only D) Impaired use of metabolic substrates and glucose

The most abundant cation in extracellular fluid is: A) magnesium. B) sodium. C) calcium. D) potassium.

A patient is given antibody therapy in the hospital to prevent infection after exposure to a communicable disease. This is an example of ________ immunity. A) passive natural B) active natural C) passive acquired D) active acquired

Which of the following is a response to histamine release? A) Release of leukotrienes B) Increase in blood flow at the site of injury C) Decrease in vascular wall permeability D) Suppression of lysosomal enzymes

Which of the following mechanisms buffers the acidity of the blood the fastest? A) Increased hydrogen ion elimination in the urine B) Protein buffering system C) The carbonic acid-bicarbonate buffer system D) Increased respiratory rate

Your patient is presenting with rapid-onset hypotension, tachycardia, and absent radial pulses. Which type of shock is LEAST likely to be the cause? A) Septic B) Cardiogenic C) Hypovolemic D) Neurogenic

Which of the following adaptive mechanisms for cellular injury is LEAST likely to result in the proliferation of malignant cells? A) Atrophy B) Dysplasia C) Metaplasia D) Hyperplasia

Which of the following is a hypertonic solution? A) 0.9 percent sodium chloride B) 0.45 percent sodium chloride C) 1.8 percent sodium chloride D) 0.2 percent sodium chloride

You are presented with a patient displaying urticaria, dyspnea, hypotension, nausea, vomiting, and dizziness. This patient is MOST likely suffering from: A) anaphylaxis. B) hypovolemia. C) sepsis. D) cardiogenic failure.

The chemical mediators that are released when mast cells degranulate primarily cause: A) enhanced cardiac contractility. B) vasodilation. C) depressed pumping action of the heart. D) vasoconstriction.

Which of the following terms can be defined as the activities of the body that allow the maintenance of physiologic stability? A) Sympathetic tone B) Homeostasis C) Inflammation D) General adaptation syndrome

What type of epithelial tissue is found in the ureters and urinary bladder? A) Glandular B) Transitional C) Stratified squamous D) Pseudostratified

The tissue that lines many internal and external body surfaces is known as ________ tissue. A) fibrous B) connective C) parietal D) epithelial

Two solutions are separated by a membrane that is more permeable to water than to sodium. Solution A contains 250 mEq/mL of sodium, and Solution B contains 125 mEq/mL of sodium. Given this, which of the following is TRUE? A) Active transport is required to move sodium ions from Solution A to Solution B. B) Water will move from Solution A to Solution B. C) Water will move from Solution B to Solution A. D) Sodium ions will diffuse from Solution A to Solution B.

A solution having a comparatively higher concentration of solutes is said to be: A) hypertonic. B) osmotic. C) isotonic. D) hypotonic.

Treatment of immune deficiencies through the use of replacement therapies includes all of the following, EXCEPT: A) gene therapy. B) transplantation. C) psychoneuroimmunologic regulation. D) gamma globulin therapy.

Which of the following conditions may result in edema? A) Inhibition of ADH (vasopressin) B) Decreased hydrostatic pressure C) Loss of plasma proteins D) Administration of a hypertonic solution

A positively charged atom or group of atoms is known as a(n): A) electron. B) neutron. C) cation. D) anion.

The abnormal or disordered growth of a cell from rapid preproduction is known as: A) mitosis. B) dysplasia. C) adaptation. D) dysphasia.

The enzymes necessary for DNA replication are in the ________ of the cell. A) cytoplasmic membrane B) Golgi apparatus C) lysosomes D) nucleus

Hypoperfusion can result in: A) acidosis. B) hyperoxia. C) hypocarbia. D) alkalosis.

Which of the following events does NOT occur during an inflammation response? A) Development of humoral immunity B) Promotion of healing C) Removal of unwanted substances D) Walling off of the infected and inflamed area

The amount of blood that returns to the heart during diastole is called: A) cardiac output. B) preload. C) myocardial capacity. D) afterload.

Normal saline solution contains ________ percent sodium chloride. A) 90 B) 0.09 C) 0.9 D) 9.0

Allergy, autoimmunity, and isoimmunity are types of: A) hypersensitivity. B) insensitivity. C) polysensitivity. D) hyposensitivity.

Which of the following is defined as the percentage of blood volume occupied by erythrocytes? A) Differential B) Hemoglobin C) Hematocrit D) Complete blood count (CBC)

The process that produces an increase in cell size as a result of increasing workload is known as: A) hyperplasia. B) hypertrophy. C) metaplasia. D) atrophy.

Shock can best be described as: A) hypotension. B) a decrease in myocardial contractility. C) decreased cardiac output. D) a state of inadequate tissue perfusion.

Patients who suffer graft rejections and contact allergic reactions are experiencing which type of hypersensitivity reaction? A) Type II B) Type IV C) Type III D) Type I

Which of the following best describes the body's reaction to exposure to or invasion by antigens? A) Anaphylaxis B) Adaptation C) Immune response D) Tachyphylaxis

Which of the following is NOT a function of exudate? A) To destroy the infected host cell B) To dilute toxins released by bacteria and the toxic products of dying cells C) To bring plasma proteins and leukocytes to the site to attack the invaders D) To carry away the products of inflammation

The general term for creating, storing, and using energy in the body is: A) homeostasis. B) metabolism. C) anabolism. D) catabolism.

Which of the following is NOT consistent with an IgE mediated response to antigens? A) Flushed, itching skin B) Increased heart rate C) Nausea and vomiting D) Profound vasoconstriction

Septic shock is precipitated by: A) poisoning. B) exposure to an antigen. C) multiple organ dysfunction syndrome. D) an overwhelming infection.

Substances that separate into electrically charged particles in water are known as: A) electrolytes. B) elements. C) anions. D) molecules.

________ are the most common type of cell in the blood. A) Thrombocytes B) Erythrocytes C) Stem cells D) Leukocytes

When a foreign substance invades the body, the inflammatory response develops ________ compared to the immune response. A) more quickly B) more specifically C) for a longer time D) with fewer cell types

An excessive absorption and accumulation of iron in the body, causing weight loss, joint pain, abdominal pain, palpitations and testicular atrophy in males is: A) splenomegaly. B) cholecystitis. C) hemophilia. D) hemochromatosis.

One of the body's anatomical barriers to infection and injury is/are: A) epithelium. B) endoplasmic reticulum. C) cytotoxic factors. D) phagocytes.

Elevations in brain natriuretic peptide (BNP) in the blood have become the "marker" for which of the following conditions? A) Liver failure B) Brain cancer C) Congestive heart failure D) Pancreatitis

What is a predisposing factor to the development of disease within the human body? A) Lifestyle B) Bacteria C) Immunity D) Biology

In some instances, when the predisposing factors to development of a disease cannot be identified, the disease is termed: A) idiopathic. B) congenital. C) pathogenic. D) irreversible.

A subclavian central intravenous line is placed into a patient to administer intravenous nutrition following a severe burn. During the line insertion, the dome of the lung is inadvertently punctured, resulting in a pneumothorax. The cause of the pneumothorax in this case is: A) iatrogenic. B) neoplastic. C) teratogenic. D) ischemic.

Why are gases such as helium considered extremely stable? A) They have a full valence shell. B) They are the most abundant in nature. C) They have a short half-life. D) They are in the top portion of the periodic table.

Covalent bonds: A) share electrons equally and are the strongest of the three types of chemical bonds. B) trade electrons equally and are the weakest of the three types of chemical bonds. C) share electrons unequally and are the strongest of the three types of chemical bonds. D) trade electrons unequally and are the weakest of the three types of chemical bonds.

What makes an inorganic compound different from an organic compound? A) An inorganic compound does not contain carbon. B) An inorganic compound does contain carbon. C) An inorganic compound is found commonly in plants. D) An inorganic compound is more common than organic compounds.

Which of the following is an organic compound? A) Protein B) Salt C) Acid D) Base

What is a chemical property of amylose within the body? A) It is insoluble in water and thus allows it to serve as a storage reservoir for glucose. B) It is important in creating bulk and moving fecal matter through the large intestine. C) It is essential for the growth and repair of living tissues. D) It is a substance that speeds up a chemical reaction without being consumed in the process.

A highly reactive molecule or atom that has an unpaired electron in an outer orbital that is NOT contributing to molecular bonding is termed a: A) free radical. B) nucleic acid. C) cofactor. D) peptide.

Which of the following is NOT a property of water? A) The ability to pass through cellular membranes with ease B) The ability to carry away a significant amount of heat C) The ability to dissolve both polar and charged substances D) The ability to absorb a large amount of heat energy

What is a major enzyme found in the blood that is an important part of the protein buffer system? A) Carbonic anhydrase B) Acetylcholinesterase C) Monoamine oxidase D) Renal alteplase

What is the major role of the phosphate buffer system? A) Stabilization of urine's pH B) Stimulating a chloride shift in the ECF C) Promotion of the glycolysis process D) Oxidation of all free radicals

When the respiratory system cannot effectively eliminate all the carbon dioxide generated through metabolic activities in the peripheral tissues, this causes: A) respiratory acidosis. B) metabolic alkalosis. C) respiratory alkalosis. D) metabolic acidosis.

The cellular membrane proteins and their functions include all of the following, EXCEPT: A) buffers. B) linkers. C) receptors. D) enzymes.

The movement of water from a region of low solute concentration to a region of high solute concentration is known as: A) osmosis. B) diffusion. C) active transport. D) endocytosis.

Approximately 70 percent of all body water is found within which compartment? A) Intracellular B) Extracellular C) Intravascular D) Interstitial

When the concentration of a solute is less on one side of the cell membrane, as compared to the other, the solution is referred to as: A) hypotonic. B) hypertonic. C) isotonic. D) deficient.

Which of the following is a formed element? A) Platelet B) Enzyme C) Lipid D) Electrolyte

The development of the breasts in females during puberty and enlargement of the breasts during pregnancy are two examples of: A) hyperplasia. B) hypertrophy. C) atrophy. D) metaplasia.

Which of the following is NOT derived from three distinct cell lines seen during early embryonic development? A) Epiderm B) Endoderm C) Mesoderm D) Ectoderm

All the organisms of the same species residing in a distinct geographic area (e.g., continent, city) are called: A) a population. B) an ecosystem. C) a community. D) a biome.

Which of these terms refers to a disease caused by diminished blood supply? A) infectious B) immunologic C) ischemic D) metabolic

Which of these terms refers to a disease caused by problems occurring during fetal development? A) genetic B) iatrogenic C) neoplastic D) congenital

Which of these are single-celled organisms that consist of internal cytoplasm surrounded by a rigid cell wall? A) prions B) viruses C) parasites D) bacteria