Question 1

Reversible figures are an example of the process known as figure-ground organization.

Accepted Answer

Reversible figures illustrate how perception can switch between different interpretations of a visual stimulus, showcasing the figure-ground organization process where the focus shifts between the figure (the main object) and the ground (the background).

Question 2

Which of the following would be most accurate under a connectionist view of perception?
A)Every letter that we see is processed individually and in isolation.
B)All combinations of letters are processed equally quickly.
C)The processing time and strength of a letter is independent of context.
D)Letters and words mutually reinforce the others' perception.

Accepted Answer

Connectionist models of perception emphasize the idea that cognitive processes, such as recognizing letters and words, occur through interactions among many units within a network. These models suggest that the perception of letters and words is influenced by the context in which they appear, meaning that letters and words can mutually reinforce each other's perception. This is in contrast to the idea that each letter is processed individually and in isolation.

Question 3

When we see a flock of birds flying through the sky,our first instinct is to view them as a large singular group instead of many individual birds.However,if one bird suddenly split from the flock and flew in a different direction,you'd have no problem distinguishing it from the rest of the flock.This best illustrates which Gestalt principle?
A)good figure
B)similarity
C)common fate
D)proximity

Accepted Answer

The principle of common fate suggests that we tend to perceive elements moving in the same direction as part of a single group. In the scenario described, the flock of birds flying together is seen as one unit because they share a common direction. When one bird diverges, it no longer shares this common fate, making it easy to distinguish as an individual.

Question 4

Images as they appear on the retina ______.
A)are a precise replication of the real world
B)accurately replicate the world but only in 2D
C)accurately replicate the world but are mirror images
D)are poor representation because they are 2D,mirrored,and upside-down

Accepted Answer

Images on the retina are 2D, mirrored, and upside-down, which makes them a poor direct representation of the real world.

Question 5

Which of the following experiences most resembles visual search tasks like those conducted by Treisman and Gelade?
A)You can just as easily identify a car at a distance as you can a car that is close to you.
B)It might take you a moment to be able to identify an object that you have blindly grabbed out of a box.
C)You view objects moving toward the horizon as moving away from you.
D)Clutter does not make it any more difficult for you to find things by sight in the environment.

Accepted Answer

Visual search tasks involve identifying objects among distractors or in complex environments, which is similar to the experience of identifying an object by touch alone when you cannot see it, as it requires distinguishing the target object from other objects or sensations.

Question 6

We see the following figure as a set of four-colored columns rather than four multi-colored rows because of the Gestalt principle of______. 
A)proximity
B)similarity
C)good figure
D)common fate

Accepted Answer

The answer of We see the following figure as a...

Question 7

Of the following,which theory of perception does NOT require input to exactly match representation or perception?
A)featural analysis
B)template matching
C)prototype matching
D)perceptual learning

Accepted Answer

Prototype matching does not require input to exactly match a stored representation or perception. Instead, it involves comparing incoming stimuli to an idealized or average representation (prototype) to identify what the stimulus most closely resembles.

Question 8

Subjective contours are related to the Gestalt principle of similarity.

Accepted Answer

Subjective contours are related to the Gestalt principle of closure, not similarity. Closure involves perceiving a whole object in the absence of complete information.

Question 9

Of the following,which best represents the perceptual notion of size constancy?
A)Even as viewing distance and retinal images change,we perceives objects as staying the same size.
B)Retinal images are always the same size regardless of distance or viewing angle.
C)We can only perceive objects that fall within a fixed range of sizes.
D)Our perception of the size of one object will always be superimposed on similar kinds of objects.

Accepted Answer

Size constancy refers to our perception that objects maintain the same size despite changes in the distance from which we view them, which alters the size of the image on the retina.

Question 10

According to Biederman's featural analysis theory of perception,just as we have ______ as units of language,we have ______ as units of visual perception.
A)phonemes;geons
B)sentences;visual memores
C)words;percepts
D)echos;icons

Accepted Answer

Biederman's featural analysis theory of perception posits that just as phonemes are the basic units of language, geons (geometric ions) are the basic units of visual perception.

Question 11

When are retinal images distorted compared to their real-world counterparts?
A)Never.They are always accurate.
B)Always.The eye alters all retinal images.
C)Only with individuals who have hemineglect.
D)Only with individuals who have prosopagnosia.

Accepted Answer

The eye and the brain's processing of visual information inherently alter how images are perceived, leading to distortions in the retinal images compared to their real-world counterparts.

Question 12

A theorist from which of the following backgrounds would be likely to endorse the idea that we,rightly or wrongly,interpret visual information based on the most easily distinguishable pattern that our minds can make sense of?
A)direct perception
B)constructivist theory
C)connectionist theory
D)Gestalt psychology

Accepted Answer

Gestalt psychology emphasizes that we perceive whole objects or figures (gestalts) rather than isolated bits and pieces of sensory information. This approach suggests that our minds are inclined to interpret visual information based on the most easily distinguishable patterns or the whole that we can make sense of, rather than focusing on the individual parts.

Question 13

When you observe a chair,you immediately are able to detect what material it is made of,how much weight it can hold,and how you might sit in it.This best illustrates which idea in direct perception?
A)agnosia
B)configuration effect
C)geons
D)affordances

Accepted Answer

Affordances refer to the perceived and actual properties of an object that determine how it could possibly be used. When observing a chair, you intuitively understand its use (sitting) and its capabilities (how much weight it can hold) based on its form and material, illustrating the concept of affordances in direct perception.

Question 14

When something out in the world physiologically activates and its information reaches the eye,it would be referred to as a(n)______.
A)distal stimulus
B)occipital stimulus
C)proximal stimulus
D)environmental stimulus

Accepted Answer

The answer of When something out in the world physiologically...

Question 15

The broad range of perceptual phenomena in which the interpretation of visual information is impaired are known as ______.
A)aphasias
B)allegories
C)agnosias
D)ablasions

Accepted Answer

Agnosias refer to a broad range of perceptual phenomena where there is an impairment in the interpretation of visual, auditory, or other types of sensory information, despite the sensory organs being functional. This condition does not include impairments caused by memory, attention, or language deficits.

Question 16

A tree on the horizon is an example of a proximal stimulus.

Accepted Answer

A tree on the horizon is an example of a distal stimulus, which refers to any physical object or event in the external world that reflects light. The proximal stimulus, in contrast, is the pattern of energy from that object that actually reaches your senses, such as the pattern of light on the retina.

Question 17

Which of the following best describes our current understanding of perception as a cognitive process?
A)Perception is integrative and pulls on other cognitive processes and internal and external information.
B)Perception is a passive process in which the perceiver need not exert any cognitive effort to perceive.
C)Perception only relies on internal constructions of percepts such that there are no shared experiences.
D)Perception only relies on external information such that we accurately and perfectly perceive the world.

Accepted Answer

Perception is understood as an integrative process that involves the combination of both internal cognitive processes (like memory and attention) and external information from our environment. This integration allows us to interpret and make sense of the sensory information we receive.

Question 18

Which best describes Marr's constructivist approach to perception?
A)Bottom-up processes are the only way to create perceptions of the world.
B)Bottom-up processes and top-down processes combine to allow us to perceive the world.
C)Top-down processes are the only way in which we can understand perceptions of the world.
D)We do not "perceive" at all,but rather we detect the world as it truly is.

Accepted Answer

Marr's constructivist approach to perception emphasizes the integration of both bottom-up processes (data-driven) and top-down processes (concept-driven) in forming our perceptions of the world. This approach suggests that our perceptions are constructed through a combination of sensory information from the environment and our prior knowledge or expectations.

Question 19

Which of the following examples would be most illustrative of the template-matching theory of perception?
A)When activated,your cell phone is able to recognize your voice and even others' voices across a broad range of distances,pitches,and intonations.
B)Your bank's ATM can only scan and read checks issued by the bank and does not recognize the design or layout of other kinds of checks.
C)Facial recognition software is able to match a picture to a face from security footage even if it is at a different angle or occluded.
D)A slot on your new laptop is a multi-card reader able to read SIM cards from phones,SD cards from cameras,and USB flash drives.

Accepted Answer

Template-matching theory suggests that perception involves matching a stimulus to a stored template in the mind. Option B illustrates this as the ATM can only recognize checks that match its specific template, failing to recognize others.

Question 20

Of the following,which is used in order to create a 2½-D sketch under Marr's theory of vision?
A)texture
B)shading
C)edges
D)all of these

Accepted Answer

Marr's theory of vision involves creating a 2½-D sketch as an intermediate step between the primal sketch and the 3-D model representation. This sketch incorporates information about texture, shading, and edges to represent the three-dimensional shape and spatial arrangement of objects in the viewer's environment, hence all of these elements are used.

Quiz 3: Perception: Recognizing Patterns and Objects

Reversible figures are an example of the process known as figure-ground organization.

Which of the following would be most accurate under a connectionist view of perception?

Images as they appear on the retina ______.

Which of the following experiences most resembles visual search tasks like those conducted by Treisman and Gelade?

We see the following figure as a set of four-colored columns rather than four multi-colored rows because of the Gestalt principle of______.

Of the following,which theory of perception does NOT require input to exactly match representation or perception?

Subjective contours are related to the Gestalt principle of similarity.

Of the following,which best represents the perceptual notion of size constancy?

According to Biederman's featural analysis theory of perception,just as we have as units of language,we have as units of visual perception.

When are retinal images distorted compared to their real-world counterparts?

A theorist from which of the following backgrounds would be likely to endorse the idea that we,rightly or wrongly,interpret visual information based on the most easily distinguishable pattern that our minds can make sense of?

When you observe a chair,you immediately are able to detect what material it is made of,how much weight it can hold,and how you might sit in it.This best illustrates which idea in direct perception?

When something out in the world physiologically activates and its information reaches the eye,it would be referred to as a(n) ______.

The broad range of perceptual phenomena in which the interpretation of visual information is impaired are known as ______.

A tree on the horizon is an example of a proximal stimulus.

Which of the following best describes our current understanding of perception as a cognitive process?

Which best describes Marr's constructivist approach to perception?

Which of the following examples would be most illustrative of the template-matching theory of perception?

Of the following,which is used in order to create a 2½-D sketch under Marr's theory of vision?