Deck 3: Perception: Recognizing Patterns and Objects

Question 1

Which of the following Gestalt principles relies on movement?

A)proximity
B)similarity
C)good continuation
D)common fate

Answer 1

common fate

Question 2

Gestalt psychologists explain the phenomenon of subjective contours through reference to the principle of ______.

A)proximity
B)similarity
C)good continuation
D)closure

Answer 2

closure

Question 3

Reversible figures illustrate the principle of ______.

A)figure-ground organization
B)size constancy
C)dimensionality
D)retinal imagery

Answer 3

figure-ground organization

Question 4

The meaningful interpretation of a proximal stimulus is called the ______.

A)percept
B)sensation
C)distal stimulus
D)retinal image

Question 5

All Gestalt principles follow the law of ______.

A)closure
B)good continuation
C)Prägnanz
D)common fate

Question 6

All of the following are problematic for a theory of template matching EXCEPT ______.

A)How are templates acquired for novel objects?
B)How can it work if the number of patterns to be stored is small?
C)How can it handle degraded stimuli?
D)How can it handle rotated stimuli?

Question 7

The segregation of a whole display into objects and background is known as ______.

A)size constancy
B)retinal imagery
C)bottom-up processing
D)figure-ground organization

Question 8

Studies using the odd-quadrant discrimination task have shown that perception of the "odd stimulus out" is ______.

A)faster in a complex stimulus display than in a base stimulus display
B)faster in the base stimulus display than in a complex stimulus display
C)just as fast in a complex stimulus display as in a base stimulus display
D)simple in a base stimulus display,but impossible in a complex stimulus display

Question 9

Which of the following is true regarding retinal images?

A)They are three-dimensional.
B)Their size depends on the distance between the perceived object and the perceiver.
C)They appear right-side up.
D)They appear in black and white.

Question 10

Researchers have demonstrated the use of some Gestalt principles by the age of ______.

A)3-6 months
B)9-11 months
C)1 year
D)18 months

Question 11

When you let go of a balloon and it floats away from you into the sky,the size of the retinal image gets smaller and smaller.However,you do not perceive the balloon as shrinking.This is an example of ______.

A)pattern recognition
B)bottom-up processing
C)size constancy
D)figure-ground organization

Question 12

Vesuvian creatures fly in from outer space,and their sensory receptors are studied.It is observed that their dominant sensory system is haptic (touch),and that certain receptors seem to respond selectively to softness,others selectively to certain temperatures,and others selectively to smoothness.Knowing only this information,you might conclude that the best explanation for Vesuvian perceptual experience may come from ______.

A)template-matching theory
B)prototype theory
C)featural analysis theory
D)Gestalt theory

Question 13

Which of the following represents a good example of a proximal stimulus?

A)a book on a shelf
B)a tree in your yard
C)a building on the horizon
D)the retinal image formed by a tree

Question 14

A certain computer can respond to a limited number of voice commands such as "Open file" and "Save data." However,it responds to only its owner's voice,and the owner must take care to pronounce the commands in a very precise manner.A command spoken by a voice of the wrong gender,the wrong accent,or in the wrong tone will not be recognized.This computer probably operates on a system of ______.

A)featural analysis
B)pandemonium
C)template matching
D)prototype matching

Question 15

Anne is driving down a residential street on a Saturday afternoon and expects that she may see children playing outside on such a sunny,warm day.Out of the corner of her eye,she detects movement between two parked cars at the side of the road.She immediately presses the brake,interpreting the movement as that of a child.Later she is relieved to see that the movement came from an empty paper bag that is blowing in the wind.Anne's initial perception of the movement as that of a child can best be explained through the notion of ______.

A)size constancy
B)retinal image
C)template matching
D)top-down processing

Question 16

Subjective contours are thought to ______.

A)be the result of simplifying a complex display
B)occur only with the perceiver's awareness of the process
C)require no active participation on the perceiver's part
D)require both awareness and active participation

Question 17

A book on a shelf represents a good example of a ______.

A)distal stimulus
B)proximal stimulus
C)retinal image
D)percept

Question 18

The two best studied forms of perception are ______.

A)visual and haptic
B)visual and olfactory
C)visual and auditory
D)auditory and olfactory

Question 19

A stencil provides a good analogy for the theory of ______.

A)prototype matching
B)template matching
C)good continuation
D)featural analysis

Question 20

A process of perception,beginning with small bits of information gathered from the environment and put together in various ways to form a percept,would be described as ______.

A)bottom-up processing
B)top-down processing
C)theory-driven processing
D)template matching

Question 21

Which of the following poses a problem for featural analysis theory?

A)It cannot account for the recognition of degraded stimuli.
B)It cannot account for differences in importance of features.
C)Weights of various features cannot be changed over time.
D)There is currently no good definition of the concept of a "feature."

Question 22

Prototype matching theory argues that percepts are compared to ______ in memory.

A)exact stencils
B)lists of features
C)idealized representations
D)abstract dot patterns

Question 23

The primal sketch in David Marr's theory allows viewers to _____.

A)detect boundaries between areas
B)derive information about depth
C)derive information about surfaces
D)recognize objects

Question 24

According to the ______ model,the word superiority effect occurs because a letter presented in the context of a word activates not only the relevant node for the word,but also each of the letters within the word.

A)prototype
B)connectionist
C)direct perception
D)featural analysis

Question 25

Posner and Keele's research on prototype formation suggests that _____.

A)people can form prototypes very quickly
B)participants cannot learn to classify abstract dot patterns with any accuracy
C)participants can learn the classifications of previously studied dot patterns,but cannot correctly classify novel patterns
D)participants can only classify prototypes when the prototypes have been explicitly identified during the study period

Question 26

Research on the categorical perception of speech sounds supports the ______ theory.

A)template-matching
B)featural analysis
C)prototype matching
D)recognition by components (geons)

Question 27

In David Marr's model of vision,which stage of the process incorporates top-down knowledge?

A)the primal sketch
B)the 2½ D sketch
C)the 3-D sketch
D)both the primal sketch and the 2½ D sketch

Question 28

A letter is easier to perceive in the context of a word.Which of the following models explains that fact by arguing that activation of the relevant node for the word also activates the nodes corresponding to the letters within the word?

A)bottom-up
B)featural analysis
C)connectionist
D)template

Question 29

______ are to visual perception what phonemes are to language,according to Biederman.

A)Receptors
B)Retinas
C)Distal stimuli
D)Geons

Question 30

Participants in Gibson's perceptual learning experiments ______.

A)made random errors in identifying the target stimulus
B)often falsely recognized mirror images of the target
C)seemed to notice additional features with experience
D)could rarely perform the task without errors,even after many practice trials

Question 31

When common objects such as kitchen utensils are presented in a jumbled display,_____.

A)people recognize them faster than in a normal kitchen scene
B)people recognize them slower than in a normal kitchen scene
C)people recognize them in the same amount of time as in a normal kitchen scene
D)people cannot recognize them at all without a proper context

Question 32

When scanning words to count the occurrences of the letter "H," in which word would you be most likely to MISS an occurrence of the letter?

A)horse
B)laugh
C)the
D)laughter

Question 33

Neisser's research utilizing a visual search of the array below showed that ______.

A)people took equal amounts of time to find the Q or the Z
B)people took longer to find the Q than to find the Z
C)people were often unable to find the letter Q at all
D)people took longer to find the Z than to find the Q

Question 34

In David Marr's model of vision,which stage of the process incorporates primarily bottom-up knowledge?

A)the primal sketch
B)the 2 ½ D sketch
C)the 3-D sketch
D)both the primal sketch and the 2 ½ D sketch

Question 35

One model of perception emphasizes that a percept is compared to idealized representations in memory of every class of information,and matched to the one it most closely approximates.This model is known as ______.

A)template matching
B)featural analysis
C)the pandemonium model
D)prototype matching

Question 36

Expert wine tasters are able to identify not only a cabernet sauvignon,but also the actual year that it was bottled and the vineyard that produced it.This is a good example of ______.

A)perceptual learning
B)figure-ground discrimination
C)bottom-up processing
D)template matching

Question 37

Gibson's theory of direct perception is in direct opposition to the ______ approach to perception.

A)connectionist
B)constructivist
C)bottom-up
D)Gestalt

Question 38

Imagine yourself in a perceptual experiment where you are shown four letters,and asked to report the letter that is underlined (only one letter per trial is underlined),given the two choices that follow it.Imagine each of the three stimuli (which would be presented one at a time). Trial I: screen 1: K E L P;screen 2: D or K
Trial II: screen 1: K;screen 2: D or K
Trial III: screen 1: K P L E;screen 2: D or K
What predictions would you make about the average participant's relative speed on these three trials?

A)Trial I should be the fastest.
B)Trial II should be the fastest.
C)Trial III should be the fastest.
D)Trials I and II should be equally fast.

Question 39

Connectionist models assume all of the following EXCEPT ______.

A)input is processed at several different levels
B)features are more abstract than letters or words
C)nodes of processing have a certain level of activity at any point in time
D)connections between nodes can be excitatory or inhibitory

Question 40

Susan is presented with four different computer-generated syllables.The voice onset times for the initial consonants of these sounds are -.1 seconds,.01 seconds,.05 seconds,and .1 seconds.Susan actually "hears" ______ different consonant sounds.

A)0
B)1
C)2
D)3

Question 41

During an experiment by Reicher (1969),participants were asked to identify whether the letter D had been presented on the screen.Participants would be most likely to respond correctly if they had seen ______.

A)the letter "D" presented alone
B)the word "DOG"
C)the word "ODG"
D)the letters "D," "F," and "C" on different lines

Question 42

A patient with associative agnosia would ______

A)have difficulty recognizing faces
B)be unable to see the contours of objects
C)copy drawings very slowly and become distracted by small details
D)be unable to match objects

Question 43

In composite face illusion,when participants view two faces with identical top halves but separate bottom halves,participants tend to perceive those top halves as ______.

A)identical
B)different
C)mixed
D)meaningless features

Question 44

A general approach that explains perception as the pickup of environmental invariances that require little or no active interpretation is called ______.

A)bottom-up processing
B)top-down processing
C)theory-driven processing
D)direct perception

Question 45

A patient with prosopagnosia has difficulty recognizing ______.

A)drawings of objects
B)moving objects
C)faces
D)sounds
E)flavors

Question 46

Patients with ______ can see contours or outlines of a drawing,but have difficulty matching or categorizing objects.

A)apperceptive agnosia
B)associative agnosia
C)prosopagnosia
D)Sacks syndrome

Question 47

The theory of direct perception by ______ suggests that we obtain all necessary perceptual information from the environment.

A)Marr
B)James
C)Freud
D)Gibson

Question 48

The finding by Johansson (1973)that participants could detect that lights in the dark were actually a person with lights attached to key body parts is an example of how ______ aid(s)in perception.

A)affordances
B)perceptual invariance
C)connectionist nodes
D)perceptual learning

Question 49

According to the text,which of the following includes top-down perceptual processes?

A)perceptual learning
B)template matching
C)prototype matching
D)featural analysis

Question 50

According to Gibson's theory,viewers directly perceive ______.

A)shapes
B)whole objects
C)each object's affordances
D)shapes,objects,and their affordances

Question 51

Marr's primal sketch would NOT give you which of the following pieces of information?

A)brightness
B)geometric structure
C)object identity
D)boundaries

Question 52

Visual agnosias represent impairments in the ability to ______.

A)see objects
B)use language to name objects
C)interpret visual information
D)draw objects

Question 53

After damage to his left parietal cortex,John begins to ignore washing the right side of his face and body and doesn't comb the right side of his hair.He is likely suffering from ______.

A)prosopagnosia
B)affordances
C)unilateral neglect
D)apperceptive agnosia

Question 54

The opposite of the theory of direct perception would be most directly viewed as the ______ approach.

A)constructivist
B)connectionist
C)feature analysis
D)template matching

Question 55

In a study by Johansson (1973),a model had lights attached to key points of the body.In the dark,participants were only able to determine that the lights represented a person when ______.

A)the person was in motion
B)the person was completely still
C)the lights were flashing
D)participants could never identify the lights as a person

Question 56

Researchers attached light bulbs to the shoulders,elbows,wrists,hips,knees,and ankles of a model wearing black clothing.In a dark room,with only the light bulbs visible,______.

A)viewers could recognize the unmoving model as human
B)viewers could recognize a moving model as human,but couldn't tell what the model was doing
C)viewers could recognize what a moving model was doing
D)viewers could recognize the gender of a moving model as well as what the model was doing

Question 57

According to Gibson's theory,the acts or behaviors permitted by objects,places,and events are called ______.

A)consequences
B)functions
C)affordances
D)direct processes

Question 58

Gibson's theory of direct perception and affordances most directly illustrate the link between ______.

A)perception and memory
B)action and reaction
C)features and objects
D)perception and action

Question 59

According to the text,which of the following is not an example of bottom-up perception?

A)featural analysis
B)template matching
C)prototype matching
D)perceptual learning

Question 60

Face perception most closely matches to what theory of perceptual psychology?

A)Gestalt psychology
B)featural analysis
C)direct perception
D)template matching

Question 61

Reversible figures are an example of the process known as figure-ground organization.

Question 62

Which of the following would be most accurate under a connectionist view of perception?

A)Every letter that we see is processed individually and in isolation.
B)All combinations of letters are processed equally quickly.
C)The processing time and strength of a letter is independent of context.
D)Letters and words mutually reinforce the others' perception.

Question 63

When we see a flock of birds flying through the sky,our first instinct is to view them as a large singular group instead of many individual birds.However,if one bird suddenly split from the flock and flew in a different direction,you'd have no problem distinguishing it from the rest of the flock.This best illustrates which Gestalt principle?

A)good figure
B)similarity
C)common fate
D)proximity

Question 64

Images as they appear on the retina ______.

A)are a precise replication of the real world
B)accurately replicate the world but only in 2D
C)accurately replicate the world but are mirror images
D)are poor representation because they are 2D,mirrored,and upside-down

Question 65

Which of the following experiences most resembles visual search tasks like those conducted by Treisman and Gelade?

A)You can just as easily identify a car at a distance as you can a car that is close to you.
B)It might take you a moment to be able to identify an object that you have blindly grabbed out of a box.
C)You view objects moving toward the horizon as moving away from you.
D)Clutter does not make it any more difficult for you to find things by sight in the environment.

Question 66

We see the following figure as a set of four-colored columns rather than four multi-colored rows because of the Gestalt principle of______.

A)proximity
B)similarity
C)good figure
D)common fate

Question 67

Of the following,which theory of perception does NOT require input to exactly match representation or perception?

A)featural analysis
B)template matching
C)prototype matching
D)perceptual learning

Question 68

Subjective contours are related to the Gestalt principle of similarity.

Question 69

Of the following,which best represents the perceptual notion of size constancy?

A)Even as viewing distance and retinal images change,we perceives objects as staying the same size.
B)Retinal images are always the same size regardless of distance or viewing angle.
C)We can only perceive objects that fall within a fixed range of sizes.
D)Our perception of the size of one object will always be superimposed on similar kinds of objects.

Question 70

According to Biederman's featural analysis theory of perception,just as we have ______ as units of language,we have ______ as units of visual perception.

A)phonemes;geons
B)sentences;visual memores
C)words;percepts
D)echos;icons

Question 71

When are retinal images distorted compared to their real-world counterparts?

A)Never.They are always accurate.
B)Always.The eye alters all retinal images.
C)Only with individuals who have hemineglect.
D)Only with individuals who have prosopagnosia.

Question 72

A theorist from which of the following backgrounds would be likely to endorse the idea that we,rightly or wrongly,interpret visual information based on the most easily distinguishable pattern that our minds can make sense of?

A)direct perception
B)constructivist theory
C)connectionist theory
D)Gestalt psychology

Question 73

When you observe a chair,you immediately are able to detect what material it is made of,how much weight it can hold,and how you might sit in it.This best illustrates which idea in direct perception?

A)agnosia
B)configuration effect
C)geons
D)affordances

Question 74

When something out in the world physiologically activates and its information reaches the eye,it would be referred to as a(n)______.

A)distal stimulus
B)occipital stimulus
C)proximal stimulus
D)environmental stimulus

Question 75

The broad range of perceptual phenomena in which the interpretation of visual information is impaired are known as ______.

A)aphasias
B)allegories
C)agnosias
D)ablasions

Question 76

A tree on the horizon is an example of a proximal stimulus.

Question 77

Which of the following best describes our current understanding of perception as a cognitive process?

A)Perception is integrative and pulls on other cognitive processes and internal and external information.
B)Perception is a passive process in which the perceiver need not exert any cognitive effort to perceive.
C)Perception only relies on internal constructions of percepts such that there are no shared experiences.
D)Perception only relies on external information such that we accurately and perfectly perceive the world.

Question 78

Which best describes Marr's constructivist approach to perception?

A)Bottom-up processes are the only way to create perceptions of the world.
B)Bottom-up processes and top-down processes combine to allow us to perceive the world.
C)Top-down processes are the only way in which we can understand perceptions of the world.
D)We do not "perceive" at all,but rather we detect the world as it truly is.

Question 79

Which of the following examples would be most illustrative of the template-matching theory of perception?

A)When activated,your cell phone is able to recognize your voice and even others' voices across a broad range of distances,pitches,and intonations.
B)Your bank's ATM can only scan and read checks issued by the bank and does not recognize the design or layout of other kinds of checks.
C)Facial recognition software is able to match a picture to a face from security footage even if it is at a different angle or occluded.
D)A slot on your new laptop is a multi-card reader able to read SIM cards from phones,SD cards from cameras,and USB flash drives.

Question 80

Of the following,which is used in order to create a 2½-D sketch under Marr's theory of vision?

A)texture
B)shading
C)edges
D)all of these