Question 1

Cooper's studies of the mental rotation of complex polygons indicated that people ______.
A)rotated more complex polygons in the same amount of time as simpler polygons
B)took longer to rotate more complex polygons
C)actually took less time to rotate more complex polygons
D)were unable to mentally rotate a polygon with greater than 10 points with more than chance accuracy

Accepted Answer

A

Question 2

Behaviorists objected to the study of visual imagery because ______.
A)it cannot be investigated with sufficient scientific control
B)there are too many individual differences in people's abilities to visualize
C)behaviorists prefer to study animals and animals have no imagery abilities
D)we can only study visual imagery and not auditory images,olfactory images,etc.

Accepted Answer

Behaviorists focus on observable behaviors and believe that internal processes like visual imagery cannot be directly observed and measured with the same level of scientific rigor as external behaviors, leading to their objection to its study.

Question 3

-According to the symbolic distance effect,which of the following questions would be answered most quickly?
A)Which is bigger,a mouse or a house?
B)Which is bigger,a mouse or a rat?
C)Which is bigger,a house or a store?
D)Which is bigger,a rat or a cat?

Accepted Answer

The symbolic distance effect suggests that comparisons between items with a larger conceptual or numerical distance between them (e.g., a mouse and a house) are resolved more quickly than comparisons between items with a smaller distance (e.g., a mouse and a rat, a house and a store, or a rat and a cat).

Question 4

In Paivio's study of paired-associate learning,subjects learned four types of word pairs: I.concrete-concrete (e.g. ,book-table)
II)concrete-abstract (e.g. ,book-freedom)
III)abstract-concrete (e.g. ,freedom-table)
IV)abstract-abstract (e.g. ,freedom-honesty)
Which of the following accurately portrays participants' recall of the four types of pairs,from highest recall to lowest?
A)I,III,II,IV
B)I,II,III,IV
C)II,III,I,IV
D)IV,III,II,I

Accepted Answer

Paivio's Dual Coding Theory suggests that concrete words, which can be encoded both visually and verbally, are easier to remember than abstract words, which are more likely to be encoded verbally only. Thus, pairs involving concrete words (I and II) would be recalled better than those involving abstract words (III and IV), with concrete-concrete pairs (I) being the easiest to recall due to dual encoding, followed by concrete-abstract (II), abstract-concrete (III), and abstract-abstract (IV) pairs.

Question 5

Which of the following questions would take you the LONGEST TIME to answer?
A)Which is faster,a snail or a caterpillar?
B)Which is faster,a turtle or a cheetah?
C)Which is faster,a cheetah or a caterpillar?
D)Which is faster,a caterpillar or a cat?

Accepted Answer

The comparison between a snail and a caterpillar's speed is not as straightforward or widely known as the comparisons involving a cheetah, turtle, or cat. This would require more detailed research or knowledge, making it take the longest time to answer accurately.

Question 6

According to the dual-coding hypothesis,which of the following word pairs would be easiest to remember?
A)cat-liberty
B)freedom-honesty
C)ferret-catalog
D)fear-door

Accepted Answer

The dual-coding hypothesis states that information is better remembered when it is encoded in both verbal and visual form. In this case, the word pair "ferret-catalog" is easiest to remember because it can be easily visualized (a ferret in a catalog) and also has a verbal association (the ferret is in the catalog).

Question 7

Studies of mental rotation have shown all of the following EXCEPT ______.
A)the amount of time taken to decide if two drawings are the same or a mirror image reversal is proportional to the angle of rotation required
B)the time taken to decide if two drawings are the same is equal for rotations within the picture plane (two-dimensional rotations)and rotations in depth (three-dimensional rotations "forward" or "backward")
C)mental rotations are faster when done in a clockwise direction than in a counterclockwise direction
D)the rate of mental rotation is the same for simple and complex geometric figures

Accepted Answer

Studies on mental rotation have not shown a consistent difference in speed between clockwise and counterclockwise rotations. The other options (A, B, D) accurately reflect findings from research on mental rotation.

Question 8

Several mnemonic devices,including the method of loci,the pegword method,and the method of interacting images,have in common their reliance on ______.
A)verbal rehearsal
B)creating a stor.
C)visual imagery
D)connecting new information to well-known information

Accepted Answer

These mnemonic devices rely on visual imagery to help remember information by creating mental images.

Question 9

The dual-coding hypothesis states that recall will be best when items are coded ______.
A)visually
B)verbally
C)both visually and verbally
D)with two distinct visual images

Accepted Answer

The dual-coding hypothesis suggests that memory is improved when information is encoded both visually and verbally, as opposed to using just one of those methods. This approach creates two distinct ways to recall the information, enhancing memory retention.

Question 10

Barbara Tversky's research suggests that people's mental maps are ______.
A)astonishingly accurate
B)systematically distorted by the use of heuristics
C)improved through practice
D)highly correlated with their travel experience

Accepted Answer

Barbara Tversky's research into cognitive psychology, particularly in the area of spatial cognition and cognitive maps, has shown that people's mental maps are often systematically distorted. These distortions arise from the use of heuristics or mental shortcuts that the brain employs to simplify complex spatial information.

Question 11

Forming a visual image and then moving from one location on the image to another is known as ______.
A)symbolic distance
B)imaginal scanning
C)mnemonic movement
D)heuristic distortion

Accepted Answer

Imaginal scanning is the process of forming a mental image and then moving from one part of the image to another, as if scanning the image visually with one's "mind's eye."

Question 12

Research by Chambers and Reisberg indicated that people ______.
A)spontaneously reverse ambiguous pictures (such as the rabbit/duck)and visual images of those pictures equally frequently
B)frequently spontaneously reverse ambiguous pictures but not ambiguous visual images
C)frequently spontaneously reverse ambiguous visual images but not ambiguous pictures
D)almost never spontaneously reverse ambiguous visual images or pictures

Accepted Answer

Research by Chambers and Reisberg demonstrated that while people frequently spontaneously reverse ambiguous pictures (like the rabbit/duck illusion), they do not do the same with ambiguous visual images held in their mind. This suggests a difference in how our brain processes and manipulates visual information that is directly perceived versus imagined.

Question 13

The results from the studies of Kosslyn,Ball,and Reiser indicated that ______.
A)roughly one-third of the subjects had to be dropped from the experiment for inability to construct mental images
B)subjects' reaction times to mentally "scan" across a map of an island were dependent upon the amount of practice each one had with the task;those subjects who actually lived on the island demonstrated a constant scanning time,regardless of actual distance
C)subjects' reaction times to mentally "scan" across a map of an island were strongly correlated with the distance scanned
D)subjects' reaction times to mentally "scan" across a map of an island were unrelated to the distance scanned

Accepted Answer

The studies by Kosslyn, Ball, and Reiser found that subjects' reaction times to mentally "scan" across a map of an island were strongly correlated with the distance scanned, supporting the idea that mental imagery operates similarly to physical perception in terms of spatial properties.

Question 14

Paivio's ______ hypothesis argues that long-term memory contains two separate systems that represent information in verbal and visual forms,respectively.
A)picture-word
B)dual code
C)visuo-verbal
D)relational-organizational

Accepted Answer

Paivio's dual code hypothesis suggests that information is stored in long-term memory as either visual images or verbal units, or both, which enhances memory recall.

Question 15

Your mental map of your campus is probably ______ than reality.
A)larger
B)smaller
C)more regular,with more straight lines and right angles.
D)less regular,with fewer straight lines and right angles.

Accepted Answer

Mental maps often simplify complex environments, making them seem more regular with more straight lines and right angles than they actually are. This simplification helps in remembering and navigating spaces but does not always accurately reflect reality.

Question 16

When participants in an experiment were asked to imagine a letter and mentally move clockwise around the letter's corners,______.
A)they could respond more accurately by pointing than by responding verbally
B)only about half of the participants could complete the task at all
C)they could respond more quickly in verbal form than by pointing
D)most could not complete the task,but those who did preferred to point

Accepted Answer

The answer of When participants in an experiment were asked...

Question 17

Which of the following methods would most help you to remember the word pair "elephant-cigar"?
A)repeating the word "elephant" over and over while visualizing a cigar
B)repeating the word "cigar" over and over while visualizing an elephant
C)visualizing an elephant smoking a cigar
D)visualizing an elephant and a cigar,not touching each other

Accepted Answer

Visualizing an elephant smoking a cigar creates a vivid, unusual image that links the two items together in memory, making it easier to recall the pair. This technique leverages the power of visual imagery and association, which are known to enhance memory.

Question 18

Research by Chambers and Reisberg on ambiguous figures such as the duck/rabbit showed that ______.
A)different people can form different mental images of the same physical stimulus
B)mental images are reversed more easily than physical images
C)once a mental image is formed,people cannot detect alterations to it
D)forming a mental image makes a person unable to later reverse his/her interpretation of a physical stimulus

Accepted Answer

Chambers and Reisberg's research demonstrated that different individuals can perceive and mentally represent the same ambiguous figure (such as the duck/rabbit image) in different ways, highlighting the subjective nature of mental imagery and perception.

Question 19

When comparing people's speed at reasoning with abstract concepts (smarter- dumber),spatial concepts (above-below),and visual relationships (cleaner-dirtier),Knauff and Johnson found that ______ relationships had the slowest performance.
A)abstract
B)spatial
C)visual
D)abstract and visual

Accepted Answer

The answer of When comparing people's speed at reasoning with...

Question 20

The relational-organizational hypothesis is supported by ______.
A)the effectiveness of the method of loci
B)the fact that concrete words are recalled better than abstract words
C)the fact that noninteractive images do not facilitate recall,whereas interactive images do facilitate recall
D)the effectiveness of the pegword method

Accepted Answer

The relational-organizational hypothesis suggests that memory is improved when information is organized in a way that creates relationships among the items. Interactive images create such relationships, enhancing recall, while noninteractive images do not.

Quiz 9: Visual Imagery and Spatial Cognition

Cooper's studies of the mental rotation of complex polygons indicated that people ______.

Behaviorists objected to the study of visual imagery because ______.

-According to the symbolic distance effect,which of the following questions would be answered most quickly?

Which of the following questions would take you the LONGEST TIME to answer?

According to the dual-coding hypothesis,which of the following word pairs would be easiest to remember?

Studies of mental rotation have shown all of the following EXCEPT ______.

Several mnemonic devices,including the method of loci,the pegword method,and the method of interacting images,have in common their reliance on ______.

The dual-coding hypothesis states that recall will be best when items are coded ______.

Barbara Tversky's research suggests that people's mental maps are ______.

Forming a visual image and then moving from one location on the image to another is known as ______.

Research by Chambers and Reisberg indicated that people ______.

The results from the studies of Kosslyn,Ball,and Reiser indicated that ______.

Paivio's ______ hypothesis argues that long-term memory contains two separate systems that represent information in verbal and visual forms,respectively.

Your mental map of your campus is probably ______ than reality.

When participants in an experiment were asked to imagine a letter and mentally move clockwise around the letter's corners,______.

Which of the following methods would most help you to remember the word pair "elephant-cigar"?

Research by Chambers and Reisberg on ambiguous figures such as the duck/rabbit showed that ______.

When comparing people's speed at reasoning with abstract concepts (smarter- dumber) ,spatial concepts (above-below) ,and visual relationships (cleaner-dirtier) ,Knauff and Johnson found that ______ relationships had the slowest performance.

The relational-organizational hypothesis is supported by ______.