Question 1

Retroactive interference occurs when ______ information interferes with ______ information in memory.
A)old;new
B)new;old
C)vivid;dull
D)visual;auditory

Accepted Answer

Retroactive interference happens when newly learned information interferes with the recall of previously learned information.

Question 2

A retrieval cue will be effective if and only if it reinstates the context of the to-be-remembered event,according to the principle of ______.
A)levels of processing
B)mnemonic learning
C)encoding specificity
D)working memory

Accepted Answer

The principle of encoding specificity posits that a retrieval cue will be most effective if it matches or reinstates the context in which the original memory was encoded. This principle suggests that the similarity between the encoding event and the retrieval condition determines the success of memory recall.

Question 3

In Godden and Baddeley's study of scuba divers,the best recall was achieved by divers who ______.
A)learned word lists on land
B)took their test on land
C)took their test under water
D)studied and took their test in the same location,whether that was under water or on land

Accepted Answer

Godden and Baddeley's study demonstrated the encoding specificity principle, showing that divers who learned and were tested in the same environment (whether underwater or on land) had better recall than those who learned and were tested in different environments.

Question 4

Techniques designed to improve memory,often involving the use of visual imagery,are called ______.
A)mnemonics
B)eidetics
C)iconics
D)IQ enhancers

Accepted Answer

Mnemonics are techniques used to improve memory, often by making use of visual imagery or other strategies to make information easier to remember.

Question 5

Psychologists believe that the capacity of long-term memory is ______.
A)unlimited
B)7 + 2 items
C)18 items
D)5000 items

Accepted Answer

Psychologists generally agree that the capacity of long-term memory is virtually unlimited, meaning it can store a vast amount of information indefinitely. This contrasts with short-term memory, which has a limited capacity often summarized by the "7 ± 2" rule.

Question 6

Bahrick's study of retention of Spanish vocabulary words showed that large portions of information remained in long-term memory for ______.
A)several months
B)1-2 years
C)up to 5 years
D)over 50 years

Accepted Answer

Bahrick's study demonstrated that individuals could retain large portions of learned Spanish vocabulary words in their long-term memory for periods extending over 50 years, highlighting the durability of long-term memory.

Question 7

Ebbinghaus is associated with which of the following in the study of memory?
A)nonsense syllables
B)college students as participants
C)memory for folktales
D)creation of false memories

Accepted Answer

Ebbinghaus is known for his use of nonsense syllables in memory experiments to study the properties of human memory, avoiding the influence of prior knowledge.

Question 8

You are studying for a midterm exam in your French class.After several hours of review,you take a break by reading through your Spanish vocabulary items.The next day,on the French exam,you are dismayed to discover that the appropriate French words keep eluding you,whereas the Spanish words "pop into your head." You are experiencing the effects of ______.
A)proactive interference
B)retroactive interference
C)the tip-of-the-tongue effect
D)encoding specificity

Accepted Answer

Retroactive interference occurs when new information interferes with the ability to recall older information. In this scenario, studying Spanish vocabulary after reviewing for a French exam caused the Spanish words to interfere with recalling the French words.

Question 9

Ebbinghaus's forgetting curve demonstrates that ______.
A)forgetting is rapid at first and then levels off
B)forgetting is slow at first and then speeds up
C)forgetting occurs at a steady pace,beginning immediately after learning
D)no forgetting occurs until 24 hours after learning

Accepted Answer

Ebbinghaus's forgetting curve illustrates that memory loss happens quickly within the first few days of learning and then slows down over time, indicating that forgetting is rapid at first and then levels off.

Question 10

Bahrick assessed memory for landmarks and buildings in the town in which participants went to college;46 years after graduation,alumni still remembered about ______ of the information that current graduating seniors have.
A)10%
B)20%
C)40%
D)60%

Accepted Answer

Bahrick's study on memory retention showed that alumni remembered about 40% of the information regarding landmarks and buildings in their college town even 46 years after graduation.

Question 11

As classically conceived,long-term memory is held to have all of the following properties EXCEPT ______.
A)it comprises a permanent or at least semipermanent store
B)it has virtually unlimited capacity
C)it primarily uses acoustic coding
D)information stored within it is not always easily accessible

Accepted Answer

Long-term memory is typically associated with semantic (meaning-based) and visual encoding rather than primarily using acoustic (sound-based) coding, which is more characteristic of short-term or working memory.

Question 12

One of the first mnemonic techniques was invented around 500 BCE by the Greek poet Simonides.This method of learning a list is called the ______.
A)technique of interacting images
B)method of loci
C)pegword method
D)mediation technique

Accepted Answer

The method of loci, also known as the memory palace technique, was indeed invented by the Greek poet Simonides around 500 BCE. It involves visualizing items to be remembered in specific physical locations or along a familiar path to enhance recall.

Question 13

Learning a rhyme that begins "One is a bun,two is a shoe" is part of the mnemonic technique called the ______.
A)method of loci
B)technique of interacting images
C)keyword method
D)pegword method

Accepted Answer

The pegword method is a mnemonic technique that involves associating items with a pre-memorized peg system (often a rhyming scheme like "one is a bun, two is a shoe") to remember lists of items in order. This method relies on rhymes to create mental associations.

Question 14

You are taking two psychology courses this term,a course in cognition and a course in learning.Both professors are giving midterm exams tomorrow.You have just finished studying for your cognition test,and are attempting to study for the learning exam.However,you find it difficult to recall the material on learning.You are experiencing ______.
A)proactive interference
B)retroactive interference
C)the tip-of-the-tongue effect
D)encoding specificity

Accepted Answer

Proactive interference occurs when old information interferes with the ability to recall new information. In this scenario, studying for the cognition test (old information) is interfering with the ability to recall material for the learning exam (new information).

Question 15

Proactive interference refers to the fact that ______.
A)new material can disrupt the recall of previously learned material
B)previously learned material can disrupt the learning of new material
C)the passage of time leads to memory decay
D)active interference can strengthen a memory trace

Accepted Answer

Proactive interference occurs when older memory makes it more difficult to remember new information. Choice B accurately describes this phenomenon, where previously learned material interferes with the ability to learn or recall new material.

Question 16

According to the retrieval cue explanation of interference,you are more likely to forget where you parked your car in a lot where you ______.
A)have never parked before
B)have always parked in the same place
C)have parked frequently,but in many different spaces
D)parked a year ago,but not more recently

Accepted Answer

The retrieval cue explanation of interference suggests that forgetting occurs because of the presence of multiple similar memories (in this case, parking in many different spaces), which makes it harder to retrieve a specific memory (where you parked your car on a particular day).

Question 17

Which of the following are most likely to be confused in long-term memory?
A)the letters P and R
B)the letters C and B
C)the words "see" and "bee"
D)the words "big" and "large"

Accepted Answer

Words with similar meanings, like "big" and "large," are more likely to be confused in long-term memory due to their semantic similarity.

Question 18

The code in long-term memory is based on ______.
A)sound
B)visual imagery
C)meaning
D)both sound and visual imagery

Accepted Answer

The code in long-term memory is primarily based on meaning, as this is how information is organized and stored for long-term retrieval.

Question 19

As research participants study more facts about a particular concept,the time that it takes to retrieve a particular fact ______.
A)increases
B)decreases
C)stays the same
D)increases,but only for the facts you learned first

Accepted Answer

As research participants study more facts about a particular concept, the time it takes to retrieve a particular fact increases due to the larger amount of information they have to sift through, a phenomenon known as the fan effect.

Question 20

The more facts that you learn about a particular topic,the longer it takes you to retrieve any particular fact.This is referred to as the ______ effect.
A)context
B)encoding specificity
C)interference
D)fan

Accepted Answer

The fan effect refers to the phenomenon where the more facts or concepts (the "fan") one learns about a particular topic or item, the longer it takes to retrieve any specific fact or concept related to that topic or item. This is because the increased information creates more retrieval paths, which can slow down the process of finding a specific piece of information.

Quiz 6: Retrieving Memories From Long-Term Storage

Retroactive interference occurs when information interferes with information in memory.

A retrieval cue will be effective if and only if it reinstates the context of the to-be-remembered event,according to the principle of ______.

In Godden and Baddeley's study of scuba divers,the best recall was achieved by divers who ______.

Techniques designed to improve memory,often involving the use of visual imagery,are called ______.

Psychologists believe that the capacity of long-term memory is ______.

Bahrick's study of retention of Spanish vocabulary words showed that large portions of information remained in long-term memory for ______.

Ebbinghaus is associated with which of the following in the study of memory?

Ebbinghaus's forgetting curve demonstrates that ______.

Bahrick assessed memory for landmarks and buildings in the town in which participants went to college;46 years after graduation,alumni still remembered about ______ of the information that current graduating seniors have.

As classically conceived,long-term memory is held to have all of the following properties EXCEPT ______.

One of the first mnemonic techniques was invented around 500 BCE by the Greek poet Simonides.This method of learning a list is called the ______.

Learning a rhyme that begins "One is a bun,two is a shoe" is part of the mnemonic technique called the ______.

Proactive interference refers to the fact that ______.

According to the retrieval cue explanation of interference,you are more likely to forget where you parked your car in a lot where you ______.

Which of the following are most likely to be confused in long-term memory?

The code in long-term memory is based on ______.

As research participants study more facts about a particular concept,the time that it takes to retrieve a particular fact ______.

The more facts that you learn about a particular topic,the longer it takes you to retrieve any particular fact.This is referred to as the ______ effect.