Question 1

Segall's research indicates that people who come from carpentered environments are ______.
A)less susceptible to the Müller-Lyer illusion
B)more susceptible to the Müller-Lyer illusion
C)more susceptible to the horizontal-vertical illusion
D)less susceptible to the horizontal-vertical illusion

Accepted Answer

Segall's research found that people from carpentered environments, which are characterized by straight lines, right angles, and square corners, are more susceptible to the Müller-Lyer illusion. This is because their visual system is accustomed to interpreting angles and lines in a certain way, making them more likely to be deceived by the illusion.

Question 2

Australian aboriginal children outperform white Australian children on tasks involving memory for ______.
A)single environmental features
B)spatial relationships among naturally occurring objects
C)spatial relationships among man-made objects
D)spatial relationships among both naturally occurring and man-made objects

Accepted Answer

D

Question 3

The self is defined as independent and autonomous,and personal goals are given priority over group goals,in the cultural syndrome known as ______.
A)honor
B)collectivism
C)individualism
D)active-passive

Accepted Answer

The cultural syndrome where the self is defined as independent and autonomous, and personal goals are prioritized over group goals, is known as individualism. This contrasts with collectivism, where group goals are prioritized over individual goals.

Question 4

To assert that a cognitive process is specific to a particular culture and not to others is to assert that the process is ______.
A)culturally relative
B)culturally universal
C)culture irrelevant
D)culturally expressed

Accepted Answer

Cultural relativity refers to the understanding that a behavior or way of thinking must be examined within the context of the culture in which it occurs. Asserting that a cognitive process is specific to a particular culture implies that it is culturally relative, meaning it varies from one culture to another and is not universally shared or applicable.

Question 5

Susceptibility to certain kinds of visual illusions may depend on ______.
A)schooling
B)visual acuity
C)literacy
D)experience in certain environments

Accepted Answer

Experience in certain environments can influence how individuals perceive visual illusions, as different environments can shape perceptual expectations and interpretations.

Question 6

Claims about cross-cultural differences in the way we "see" things typically focus on the process(es)of ______.
A)sensation
B)perception
C)both sensation and perception
D)neither sensation nor perception

Accepted Answer

Perception involves the interpretation of sensory information, including how cultural factors influence our understanding and interpretation of what we see, making it the focus of claims about cross-cultural differences in visual interpretation.

Question 7

Studies of the Kpelle children of Libya (regarding clustering in a memory recall task)suggest that ______.
A)long-term memory processes vary dramatically across cultures
B)the Kpelle are incapable of using clustering to aid recall
C)the Kpelle are capable of learning to use clustering,but never get the amount of benefit from the technique that American children do
D)more sophisticated participants spontaneously engage in organizational strategies to aid recall,while less sophisticated participants are not likely to engage in such behaviors without explicit instruction to do so

Accepted Answer

Studies on the Kpelle children indicate that sophistication in participants (which can be influenced by cultural and educational factors) affects the likelihood of engaging in organizational strategies such as clustering for memory recall. More sophisticated participants are more likely to use such strategies spontaneously, while less sophisticated ones may require explicit instruction. This reflects broader cognitive research findings that organizational strategies are not universally applied or beneficial without consideration of the participant's background and training.

Question 8

The inability to randomly assign participants to conditions is faced by researchers in all of the following areas EXCEPT ______.
A)cultural research
B)individual differences
C)gender research
D)memory research

Accepted Answer

Memory research often allows for the random assignment of participants to different conditions, especially in experimental settings where researchers manipulate variables to study their effects on memory. In contrast, cultural research, individual differences, and gender research frequently involve inherent characteristics of participants that cannot be randomly assigned.

Question 9

Deregowski's studies in central Africa showed that,although ______ could not answer questions about three-dimensional aspects of pictures,______ constructed three-dimensional clay models of the pictures.
A)50%;80%
B)80%;more than half
C)20%;50%
D)80%;80%

Accepted Answer

Deregowski's studies found that while 80% of the participants could not interpret three-dimensional aspects of pictures, more than half were still able to construct three-dimensional clay models from those pictures, indicating a discrepancy in visual perception and spatial representation skills.

Question 10

Lidell's studies of children's descriptions of pictures suggest that ______.
A)across cultures,interpretive responses increase as a function of years of schooling
B)across cultures,interpretive responses decrease as a function of years of schooling
C)in South Africa,interpretive responses increase as a function of years of schooling,but in Great Britain the opposite holds true
D)in South Africa,interpretive responses decrease as a function of years of schooling,but in Great Britain the opposite holds true

Accepted Answer

The answer of Lidell's studies of children's descriptions of pictures...

Question 11

Which of the following is NOT an agreed-upon ingredient of a "culture"?
A)a distinct language
B)a distinct religion
C)distinct customs and habits
D)a distinct mode of dress

Accepted Answer

Culture encompasses a broad range of human phenomena, activities, and artifacts, including language, customs, and dress. However, a distinct religion is not a requirement for a culture, as cultures can encompass multiple religions or be secular.

Question 12

Studies of perception among South Africans have shown that ______.
A)the ability to "see" three-dimensionality in pictures is culturally universal
B)black South Africans perceived pictures two-dimensionally while white South Africans perceived pictures three-dimensionally
C)unschooled South Africans perceived pictures two-dimensionally while educated South Africans perceived them three-dimensionally
D)none of the South African participants could "see" pictures in a three-dimensional manner

Accepted Answer

Studies have indicated that perception of images can be influenced by education and exposure to certain visual cues, leading to differences in how unschooled versus educated South Africans perceive pictures, with the former more likely to see images two-dimensionally and the latter three-dimensionally.

Question 13

When personal goals are subordinated to the goals of the family or tribe,the cultural syndrome is known as ______.
A)tightness
B)honor
C)collectivism
D)individualism

Accepted Answer

Collectivism is the cultural syndrome where personal goals are subordinated to the goals of the family or tribe, emphasizing group cohesion over individual pursuits.

Question 14

Psychologist Richard Nisbett and colleagues have compared the cognitive processing of Western cultures to East Asian cultures and have concluded that East Asians ______.
A)are smarter than Westerners
B)process information more analytically than Westerners
C)are better at math than Westerners
D)process information more holistically than Westerners

Accepted Answer

East Asians are found to process information more holistically, focusing on relationships and the context, whereas Westerners tend to process information more analytically, focusing on categories and rules.

Question 15

When free recall tests were given to younger adults and elderly adults in Western and Eastern cultures,results showed that ______.
A)Eastern participants outperformed Western participants
B)Western participants outperformed Eastern participants
C)young adults from Western cultures used less clustering than young adults from Eastern cultures
D)elderly adults from Western cultures used more clustering than elderly adults from Eastern cultures

Accepted Answer

The answer of When free recall tests were given to...

Question 16

Segall's research indicates that people who come from environments where the horizon is a part of the everyday landscape are ______.
A)less susceptible to the Müller-Lyer illusion
B)more susceptible to the Müller-Lyer illusion
C)more susceptible to the horizontal-vertical illusion
D)less susceptible to the horizontal-vertical illusion

Accepted Answer

The answer of Segall's research indicates that people who come...

Question 17

Japanese and American students performed a change-blindness task.The results indicated that ______.
A)Japanese and American students performed similarly
B)Japanese students noticed more changes than American students did
C)American students noticed more changes than Japanese students did
D)Japanese students noticed more changes in the background,whereas American students noticed more focal changes

Accepted Answer

Research in cultural psychology suggests that individuals from East Asian cultures (e.g., Japan) tend to have a more holistic perceptual style, paying more attention to context and relationships in the environment, whereas individuals from Western cultures (e.g., the United States) tend to focus more on individual objects or focal points. This difference in perceptual style could explain why Japanese students might notice more changes in the background and American students might notice more focal changes in a change-blindness task.

Question 18

The cultural syndrome known as "collectivism" denotes ______.
A)the number of norms and the ways in which deviations are punished
B)the number of different cultural elements in a culture
C)the number of active and passive elements in a culture
D)the definition of self as a part of a family or tribe

Accepted Answer

Collectivism refers to a cultural orientation where individuals prioritize the goals and well-being of the group (such as a family, tribe, or community) over personal goals and desires. This contrasts with individualistic cultures, where personal achievements and independence are emphasized.

Question 19

When individuals in a culture have to appear fierce to protect their property,the cultural syndrome known as ______ appears.
A)tightness
B)cultural complexity
C)honor
D)individualism

Accepted Answer

The cultural syndrome referred to is "honor." In cultures where individuals must appear fierce to protect their property, honor plays a significant role. This involves a focus on maintaining one's reputation, responding to insults, and often involves a readiness to use aggression to defend one's honor or property.

Question 20

Cross-cultural researchers find it very difficult or even impossible to achieve ______.
A)random assignment to conditions
B)control over experimental treatments
C)control over confounding factors and events
D)all of these

Accepted Answer

Cross-cultural research involves comparing cultural groups, which inherently includes challenges such as random assignment to conditions, controlling experimental treatments, and managing confounding factors and events, making "all of these" the correct answer.

Quiz 15: Cognition in Cross-Cultural Perspective

Segall's research indicates that people who come from carpentered environments are ______.

Australian aboriginal children outperform white Australian children on tasks involving memory for ______.

The self is defined as independent and autonomous,and personal goals are given priority over group goals,in the cultural syndrome known as ______.

To assert that a cognitive process is specific to a particular culture and not to others is to assert that the process is ______.

Susceptibility to certain kinds of visual illusions may depend on ______.

Claims about cross-cultural differences in the way we "see" things typically focus on the process(es) of ______.

Studies of the Kpelle children of Libya (regarding clustering in a memory recall task) suggest that ______.

The inability to randomly assign participants to conditions is faced by researchers in all of the following areas EXCEPT ______.

Deregowski's studies in central Africa showed that,although could not answer questions about three-dimensional aspects of pictures, constructed three-dimensional clay models of the pictures.

Lidell's studies of children's descriptions of pictures suggest that ______.

Which of the following is NOT an agreed-upon ingredient of a "culture"?

Studies of perception among South Africans have shown that ______.

When personal goals are subordinated to the goals of the family or tribe,the cultural syndrome is known as ______.

Psychologist Richard Nisbett and colleagues have compared the cognitive processing of Western cultures to East Asian cultures and have concluded that East Asians ______.

When free recall tests were given to younger adults and elderly adults in Western and Eastern cultures,results showed that ______.

Segall's research indicates that people who come from environments where the horizon is a part of the everyday landscape are ______.

Japanese and American students performed a change-blindness task.The results indicated that ______.

The cultural syndrome known as "collectivism" denotes ______.

When individuals in a culture have to appear fierce to protect their property,the cultural syndrome known as ______ appears.

Cross-cultural researchers find it very difficult or even impossible to achieve ______.