Deck 9: Visual Imagery and Spatial Cognition

Question 1

Cooper's studies of the mental rotation of complex polygons indicated that people ______.

A)rotated more complex polygons in the same amount of time as simpler polygons
B)took longer to rotate more complex polygons
C)actually took less time to rotate more complex polygons
D)were unable to mentally rotate a polygon with greater than 10 points with more than chance accuracy

Answer 1

rotated more complex polygons in the same amount of time as simpler polygons

Question 2

Behaviorists objected to the study of visual imagery because ______.

A)it cannot be investigated with sufficient scientific control
B)there are too many individual differences in people's abilities to visualize
C)behaviorists prefer to study animals and animals have no imagery abilities
D)we can only study visual imagery and not auditory images,olfactory images,etc.

Answer 2

it cannot be investigated with sufficient scientific control

Question 3

According to the symbolic distance effect,which of the following questions would be answered most quickly?

A)Which is bigger,a mouse or a house?
B)Which is bigger,a mouse or a rat?
C)Which is bigger,a house or a store?
D)Which is bigger,a rat or a cat?

Answer 3

Which is bigger,a mouse or a house?

Question 4

In Paivio's study of paired-associate learning,subjects learned four types of word pairs: I.concrete-concrete (e.g. ,book-table)
II)concrete-abstract (e.g. ,book-freedom)
III)abstract-concrete (e.g. ,freedom-table)
IV)abstract-abstract (e.g. ,freedom-honesty)
Which of the following accurately portrays participants' recall of the four types of pairs,from highest recall to lowest?

A)I,III,II,IV
B)I,II,III,IV
C)II,III,I,IV
D)IV,III,II,I

Question 5

Which of the following questions would take you the LONGEST TIME to answer?

A)Which is faster,a snail or a caterpillar?
B)Which is faster,a turtle or a cheetah?
C)Which is faster,a cheetah or a caterpillar?
D)Which is faster,a caterpillar or a cat?

Question 6

According to the dual-coding hypothesis,which of the following word pairs would be easiest to remember?

A)cat-liberty
B)freedom-honesty
C)ferret-catalog
D)fear-door

Question 7

Studies of mental rotation have shown all of the following EXCEPT ______.

A)the amount of time taken to decide if two drawings are the same or a mirror image reversal is proportional to the angle of rotation required
B)the time taken to decide if two drawings are the same is equal for rotations within the picture plane (two-dimensional rotations)and rotations in depth (three-dimensional rotations "forward" or "backward")
C)mental rotations are faster when done in a clockwise direction than in a counterclockwise direction
D)the rate of mental rotation is the same for simple and complex geometric figures

Question 8

Several mnemonic devices,including the method of loci,the pegword method,and the method of interacting images,have in common their reliance on ______.

A)verbal rehearsal
B)creating a stor.
C)visual imagery
D)connecting new information to well-known information

Question 9

The dual-coding hypothesis states that recall will be best when items are coded ______.

A)visually
B)verbally
C)both visually and verbally
D)with two distinct visual images

Question 10

Barbara Tversky's research suggests that people's mental maps are ______.

A)astonishingly accurate
B)systematically distorted by the use of heuristics
C)improved through practice
D)highly correlated with their travel experience

Question 11

Forming a visual image and then moving from one location on the image to another is known as ______.

A)symbolic distance
B)imaginal scanning
C)mnemonic movement
D)heuristic distortion

Question 12

Research by Chambers and Reisberg indicated that people ______.

A)spontaneously reverse ambiguous pictures (such as the rabbit/duck)and visual images of those pictures equally frequently
B)frequently spontaneously reverse ambiguous pictures but not ambiguous visual images
C)frequently spontaneously reverse ambiguous visual images but not ambiguous pictures
D)almost never spontaneously reverse ambiguous visual images or pictures

Question 13

The results from the studies of Kosslyn,Ball,and Reiser indicated that ______.

A)roughly one-third of the subjects had to be dropped from the experiment for inability to construct mental images
B)subjects' reaction times to mentally "scan" across a map of an island were dependent upon the amount of practice each one had with the task;those subjects who actually lived on the island demonstrated a constant scanning time,regardless of actual distance
C)subjects' reaction times to mentally "scan" across a map of an island were strongly correlated with the distance scanned
D)subjects' reaction times to mentally "scan" across a map of an island were unrelated to the distance scanned

Question 14

Paivio's ______ hypothesis argues that long-term memory contains two separate systems that represent information in verbal and visual forms,respectively.

A)picture-word
B)dual code
C)visuo-verbal
D)relational-organizational

Question 15

Your mental map of your campus is probably ______ than reality.

A)larger
B)smaller
C)more regular,with more straight lines and right angles.
D)less regular,with fewer straight lines and right angles.

Question 16

When participants in an experiment were asked to imagine a letter and mentally move clockwise around the letter's corners,______.

A)they could respond more accurately by pointing than by responding verbally
B)only about half of the participants could complete the task at all
C)they could respond more quickly in verbal form than by pointing
D)most could not complete the task,but those who did preferred to point

Question 17

Which of the following methods would most help you to remember the word pair "elephant-cigar"?

A)repeating the word "elephant" over and over while visualizing a cigar
B)repeating the word "cigar" over and over while visualizing an elephant
C)visualizing an elephant smoking a cigar
D)visualizing an elephant and a cigar,not touching each other

Question 18

Research by Chambers and Reisberg on ambiguous figures such as the duck/rabbit showed that ______.

A)different people can form different mental images of the same physical stimulus
B)mental images are reversed more easily than physical images
C)once a mental image is formed,people cannot detect alterations to it
D)forming a mental image makes a person unable to later reverse his/her interpretation of a physical stimulus

Question 19

When comparing people's speed at reasoning with abstract concepts (smarter- dumber),spatial concepts (above-below),and visual relationships (cleaner-dirtier),Knauff and Johnson found that ______ relationships had the slowest performance.

A)abstract
B)spatial
C)visual
D)abstract and visual

Question 20

The relational-organizational hypothesis is supported by ______.

A)the effectiveness of the method of loci
B)the fact that concrete words are recalled better than abstract words
C)the fact that noninteractive images do not facilitate recall,whereas interactive images do facilitate recall
D)the effectiveness of the pegword method

Question 21

When you imagine hearing a song,which part of your brain is probably active?

A)temporal lobes
B)parietal lobes
C)occipital lobes
D)frontal lobes

Question 22

Finke's principle of ______ states that mental imagery allows us to retrieve information that was not intentionally stored.

A)perceptual equivalence
B)transformational equivalence
C)implicit encoding
D)structural encoding

Question 23

Participants doing mental imagery tasks tend to show brain activity in the ______ lobe.

A)temporal
B)parietal
C)frontal
D)occipital

Question 24

Some theorists believe that there is a single code for all types of information;this code is known as a ______ representation.

A)visual
B)pictorial
C)verbal
D)propositional

Question 25

Which of the following is NOT one of Finke's principles describing the fundamental nature and properties of visual images?

A)Images contain only information that has been intentionally stored.
B)Mental imagery uses several of the same internal processes as visual perception.
C)The spatial arrangement of parts of a mental image corresponds to the way parts of the actual physical objects are arranged.
D)Transformations of visual images obey the same laws of motion as transformations of actual physical objects.

Question 26

Visual images are formed in pieces that are assembled into a final product.This is a statement of the principle of ______ equivalence.

A)spatial
B)transformational
C)perceptual
D)structural

Question 27

Images can prime the visual pathway,making it easier to detect a faint stimulus.This is an example of ______ equivalence.

A)perceptual
B)spatial
C)structural
D)transformational

Question 28

A propositional representation is thought to be ______ in nature.

A)verbal
B)visual
C)both verbal and visual
D)neither verbal nor visual

Question 29

Which of the following studies is least susceptible to demand characteristics?

A)mental rotation
B)mnemonic usage
C)image scanning
D)PET scan studies

Question 30

When the experimental task itself "cues" the subject about how to behave,the task is said to have ______.

A)internal validity
B)demand characteristics
C)transformational equivalence
D)implicit encoding

Question 31

Neurological studies indicate that processing mental images activates areas of brain ______.

A)involved in visual perception
B)involved in auditory perception
C)involved in verbal memory
D)not involved in ordinary sensory perception

Question 32

Your occipital lobe would be activated when you ______.

A)perform a mental arithmetic task
B)perform a mental rotation task
C)imagine the smell of cinnamon
D)imagine the taste of chocolate

Question 33

Kosslyn compared people's verification times for statements like "Cats have claws" (high association,small visual part of a cat)to "Cats have heads" (low association,large visual part of a cat).He found that people were faster at verifying ______.

A)"claws" whether or not they used visual imagery
B)"heads" whether or not they used visual imagery
C)"heads" when they used imagery,"claws" when they did not
D)"claws" when they used imagery,"heads" when they did not

Question 34

Which is NOT one of Finke's principles of visual imagery?

A)perceptual equivalence
B)spatial equivalence
C)temporal equivalence
D)structural equivalence

Question 35

Both blind and sighted participants take longer to "scan" the visual image of a map when the actual distance between two landmarks is greater.This illustrates the idea of ______ equivalence.

A)spatial
B)perceptual
C)transformational
D)structural

Question 36

The temporal lobes would be most active when you ______.

A)visualize the Mona Lisa
B)form a mental map of your campus
C)think about a sad event
D)imagine listening to your favorite song

Question 37

One criticism of visual imagery research is that the studies ______.

A)may involve demand characteristics
B)may be too difficult for most people to perform
C)result in too many individual differences in performance
D)cannot be statistically tested

Question 38

When an experimenter gives subtle cues to participants about how to behave,we say that a(n)______ has occurred.

A)experimenter-expectancy effect
B)double-blind design
C)implicit error
D)external validity

Question 39

Nickerson and Adams showed that when it comes to memory for commonly seen objects like pennies,______.

A)people's visual memory is extremely accurate
B)people can recognize a penny,but cannot recall it well enough to draw it
C)people are not very good at recognizing a penny even though they see it frequently
D)75% of people can recognize common logos out of context

Question 40

Finke theorized that there are ______ principles of mental imagery.

A)two
B)three
C)four
D)five

Question 41

When creating a mental image of a location,you would most likely to see brain activation in which of the following areas?

A)brainstem
B)fusiform face area
C)hippocampus
D)occipital lobe

Question 42

In a mental rotation task,you'd fastest to match a target object to its rotated counterpart if the target and its counterpart were ______.

A)180 degrees apart
B)not identical
C)only 10 degrees apart
D)mirror images of each other

Question 43

In studying mental rotation of objects,Shepard and Metzler (1971)found that the ______ an object is rotated in space (from zero degrees),participants confirmed the object's identity ______.

A)less;faster
B)less;slower
C)more;faster
D)more;as fast as when it was rotated less

Question 44

Knowledge or beliefs that you have about a task,its outcome,and its underlying mechanisms is known as ______.

A)implicit knowledge
B)tacit knowledge
C)explicit knowledge
D)foreknowledge

Question 45

Which classic image from Chambers and Reisberg (1992)shows that although our mental images are in many ways like real images,they are still susceptible to manipulation by our biases and existing understanding?

A)goose-otter
B)duck-rabbit
C)hawk-squirrel
D)crane-beaver

Question 46

The process of ______ occurs when we move through space and revise our mental representations of where things are in the environment.

A)visual updating
B)visual editing
C)spatial editing
D)spatial updating

Question 47

Demand characteristics are a problem for psychological experiments because ______.

A)participants must follow instructions in order to complete a task
B)researchers cannot currently create appropriate demand stimuli
C)the demands change how a cognitive process normally works
D)demand characteristics cannot be studied in the context of the lab

Question 48

Tversky's work suggests that people localize objects along which of these axes?

A)inside-outside and front-back
B)left-right and front-back
C)up-down and inside-outside
D)left-right,up-down,and front-back

Question 49

Which of the following mnemonic devices involves using imagery to imagine storing pieces of information in particular locations (such as in your house)?

A)peg-word
B)method of loci
C)cognitive map
D)analog

Question 50

Neurological results avoid demand characteristics because ______.

A)demand characteristics are negated by the magnetic field of an MRI
B)participants only try to change their cognitive processes in behavioral experiments
C)neuroscientists create better experiments than behavioral scientists
D)participants are unable to change their brain activation patterns

Question 51

Which image representation would contain a list of descriptive features?

A)analagous image
B)propositional image
C)simultaneous image
D)dependent image

Question 52

Knowledge of where your feet are located right now is part of your cognition of the space ______.

A)around the body
B)of the body
C)within the body
D)of navigation.

Question 53

Because of experimenter expectancy effects,Intons-peterson (1983)found that experimenters who had been told imaginal primes would be ______ effective than perceptual primes found that imaginal primes were ______ effective than perceptual primes and vice versa.

A)more;more
B)less;more
C)equally;less
D)equally;more

Question 54

Which image representation would be similar to a (possibly distorted)snapshot of an actual real-world image?

A)propositional image
B)dependent image
C)analagous image
D)simultaneous image

Question 55

Of the following,which is NOT one of Barbara Tversky's spaces of spatial cognition?

A)space of the body
B)space around the body
C)space of navigation
D)space of projection

Question 56

Based on Bower's (1970)findings,you are most likely to remember the word pair "elephant-cigar" best when you visualize an elephant smoking a cigar compared to visualizing either the elephant or the cigar separately.This is because ______.

A)only humanzing information will improve memory recall
B)imagery must be paired in order to be effective
C)imagery is distracting for individual objects
D)this creates more memory links between the two concepts

Question 57

How do people represent and navigate in and through space? This is a question of ______ cognition.

A)navigational
B)representational
C)spatial
D)visual

Question 58

According to Barbara Tversky,there are three types of "space" that result in different types of spatial cognition: space of the body,space around the body,and ______.

A)space within the body
B)space around the world
C)space of imagination
D)space of navigation

Question 59

The idea that as organisms navigate their environment they must continually revise their representation of the the environment and objects in it is known as ______.

A)spatial updating
B)spatial awareness
C)spatial modification
D)spatial reformation

Question 60

Cognitive maps can be built from what kind of information?

A)survey information
B)route information
C)spatial information
D)all of these

Question 61

Spatial cognition involves which of the following?

A)representing space
B)navigating through space
C)reasoning about space
D)all of these

Question 62

Mental rotations are more accurate when done in two dimensions than when done in three dimensions.

Question 63

Of the evidence reviewed in this chapter,which type of empirical evidence best supports Finke's principle of transformational equivalence?

A)mental rotation studies
B)image scannign studies
C)neurological studies
D)mnemonic studies

Question 64

The observation that we appear to construct our mental images out of similar kinds of parts as their real world-counterparts would be described by Finke as ______.

A)implicit encoding
B)strucutral equivalence
C)spatial equivalence
D)perceptual equivalence

Question 65

In Brook's (1968)task involving a capital letter F,participants are able to correctly identify the orientation of particular corners even if they do not consciously remember how they were marked.This is an example of ______.

A)implicit encoding
B)perceptual equivalence
C)spatial equivalence
D)transformational equivalence

Question 66

Studies of imaginal scanning suggest that visual images are very much like physical pictures or maps.

Question 67

Which of the following is NOT a criticism often directed at imagery research?

A)Experimenters may give unconscious hints about the expected outcome of the study.
B)Real-world images may not be stored analagously in memory.
C)Imagery research cannot be conducted in a neuroscience paradigm.
D)Descriptions and details of images can be used as imagery representations.

Question 68

Inherent in Finke's description of implicit encoding is that mental images ______.

A)can never be consciously created
B)have information that can be used in the future
C)are only created from unnattended stimuli
D)cannot be created to represent real-world objects

Question 69

Imagery is more effective when it is interactive.

Question 70

Both mental images and real world objects are expected to conform to a set of physical principles.According to Finke,this demonstrates ______.

A)implicit encoding
B)spatial equivalence
C)transformational equivalence
D)structural equivalence

Question 71

Spence and Feng (2010)demonstrate that video games like Call of Duty may result in ______ in spatial cognition performance.

A)narrow benefits
B)general deficits
C)narrow deficits
D)general benefits

Question 72

In Kerr's (1983)study,she had blind participants acquire map and feature information through touch.She found that when asked to imagine moving a dot from one feature to another,blind participants ______.

A)could not complete the task because they were unable to acquire spatial information
B)completed the task faster than sighted participants suggesting that mental imagery is detrimental
C)were fastest when they had features described to them instead of having touched the map
D)performed similarly to sighted participants suggesting that both groups had mental representations

Question 73

Clockwise mental rotation is easier than counterclockwise mental rotation.

Question 74

Inherent in Finke's description of perceptual equivalence is that mental images and perceptions use ______ mental processes.

A)different
B)all
C)zero
D)similar

Question 75

In studies by Kosslyn and colleagues (1983),participants were generally shown to use ______ parts to create their mental images compared to their real-world counterparts.

A)abstract
B)similar
C)different
D)unrelated

Question 76

Of the evidence reviewed in this chapter,which kinds of empirical findings best support Finke's notion of spatial equivalence?

A)mental rotation studies
B)image scanning studies
C)neurological studies
D)mnemonic studies

Question 77

According to the dual code hypothesis,memory is better when we can create both a verbal code and a visual image of the thing that we are trying to remember.

Question 78

Because similar visual systems are active for both mental imagery and visual perception,Finke argues that mental images have ______.

A)implicit encoding
B)spatial equivalence
C)perceptual equivalence
D)transformational equivalence

Question 79

Implicit encoding involves storing information ______.

A)that you never paid atttention to in the first place
B)retrieving information from the unconscious
C)that you wanted to specifically use to create a mental image
D)that you did not intend to

Question 80

According to Finke,the observation that mental images typically have the same arrangments of features as real-world objects is evidence for ______.

A)spatial equivalence
B)perceptual equivalence
C)transformational equivalence
D)implicit encoding