Question 1

Behaviourism argues that behaviour follows stimuli in a relatively unthinking manner.

Accepted Answer

According to behaviourism, behaviour is shaped by the external stimuli that an individual is exposed to, without much conscious thought or decision-making. Therefore, behaviour is thought to be relatively unthinking and automatic.

Question 2

The degree to which an individual believes that performing at a particular level will generate a desired outcome is defined by expectancy theory as:

Accepted Answer

The performance-reward relationship in expectancy theory states that individuals believe that if their performance reaches a certain level, they will receive a desired outcome, such as a reward or recognition. An individual's belief in this relationship is called expectancy, and it has a strong influence on their motivation to perform.

Question 3

Jessica believes that she got an appropriate salary increase this year but she does not believe that the company's methods for determining salary increases are fair.She believes that there is a problem with the firm's:

Accepted Answer

Jessica believes that the method for determining salary increases is unfair. This indicates a problem with procedural justice, which refers to the fairness of the process used to make decisions, rather than the outcome of those decisions. Consequently, the correct answer is procedural justice. A is incorrect because interpersonal justice refers to the degree to which people are treated with dignity and respect, while B and D are incorrect because they pertain to equity and distributive justice, which deal with the distribution of rewards and resources.

Question 4

________ justice is perceived fairness of the amount and allocation of rewards among individuals.

Accepted Answer

Distributive justice refers to the perceived fairness of the amount and allocation of rewards among individuals. This can include things like pay, promotions, and benefits. Interpersonal justice refers to the fairness of how people are treated by others, while interactive justice refers to the fairness of how people are treated by systems or institutions. Procedural justice refers to the fairness of the processes used to make decisions or resolve disputes.

Question 5

J.Stacy Adams proposed that the negative state of equity tension provides the motivation to do something to correct it.

Accepted Answer

According to J.Stacy Adams, individuals are motivated to reduce negative equity tension and restore equity.

Question 6

According to reinforcement theory,behaviour is environmentally determined.

Accepted Answer

According to reinforcement theory, behavior is determined by environmental factors such as the consequences (reinforcers or punishers) that follow a behavior. It suggests that behavior can be modified or strengthened by providing reinforcing consequences.

Question 7

Equity theory historically focused on ________ justice.

Accepted Answer

Equity theory historically focused on distributive justice, which is concerned with the fairness of the outcomes or rewards received by individuals for their efforts or contributions in a group or organization. The theory proposes that individuals compare their own inputs (such as effort, skills, time) and outcomes (such as pay, recognition, status) with those of others in similar situations and if they perceive an inequity, they are motivated to restore a balance in their favor.

Question 8

Which of the following is not one of the relationships proposed in expectancy theory?

Accepted Answer

Expectancy theory proposes three relationships, which are effort-performance relationship, performance-reward relationship, and rewards-personal goals relationship. The effort-satisfaction relationship is not a relationship proposed in expectancy theory.

Question 9

If a piece-rate employee is overpaid,equity theory would predict that:

Accepted Answer

The answer of If a piece-rate employee is overpaid,equity theory...

Question 10

The statement that "behaviour is a function of its consequences" is consistent with reinforcement theory.

Accepted Answer

Reinforcement theory proposes that behavior can be shaped or modified through consequence-based learning, specifically through the use of reinforcement (rewards and punishments). Therefore, the statement that "behaviour is a function of its consequences" aligns with the principles of reinforcement theory.

Question 11

Which of the following concepts is not included in Vroom's expectancy theory of motivation?

Accepted Answer

One's inputs and outputs being compared to another's is a concept of Adams' equity theory, not Vroom's expectancy theory. Vroom's theory focuses on the relationship between effort, performance, and rewards, and how individuals make rational choices based on the expectancy of the outcome.

Question 12

In expectancy theory,the probability perceived by the individual that exerting a given amount of effort will lead to performance is the ________ relationship.

Accepted Answer

In expectancy theory, the effort-performance relationship refers to the perceived probability of an individual that exerting a given amount of effort will lead to better performance. Therefore, the correct choice is B, effort-performance. The other options, rewards-effort, rewards-personal goals and performance-reward, do not accurately reflect this relationship.

Question 13

Research shows that in equity theory while men prefer same-sex comparisons,women do not.

Accepted Answer

Equity theory suggests that both men and women use same-sex comparisons to evaluate fairness in their relationships and work environments.

Question 14

Which of the following is not a predictable choice when employees perceive an inequity?

Accepted Answer

Acquiring more tenure may not always be a predictable choice when employees perceive an inequity. It may not always be possible or feasible for an employee to increase their tenure in a short period of time. The other choices, such as changing their outcomes, changing their inputs, or choosing a different referent, are more predictable options when an employee perceives an inequity.

Question 15

According to expectancy theory,the degree to which organisational rewards satisfy an individual's personal goals or needs and the attractiveness of those potential rewards for the individual is the ________ relationship.

Accepted Answer

The correct answer is B) rewards-personal goals. Expectancy theory suggests that individuals are motivated when they believe that their efforts will lead to effective performance and that this performance will be rewarded in ways that satisfy their personal goals or needs. The "rewards-personal goals" relationship specifically refers to how well the rewards align with an individual's personal desires or needs, making it a key component of the theory.

Question 16

The theory that asserts that motivation depends upon an employee's goals,and the belief that productive behaviour will get these goals accomplished,is called:

Accepted Answer

Vroom's expectancy theory states that motivation depends on an employee's expectations about the relationship between effort and performance, and the belief that performance will lead to specific outcomes or rewards, which in turn will help the employee achieve their personal goals.

Question 17

There are several types of justice.Which one is the term for "fairness of the process"?

Accepted Answer

Procedural justice is the term for the fairness of the process. This refers to the fairness of the procedures used to determine outcomes, rather than the fairness of the outcomes themselves (which is covered by distributive justice). Equity refers to the principle that people should be given resources or rewards based on their contributions or needs, while interpersonal justice refers to the fairness of how people are treated by others in the process.

Question 18

Equity theory focuses on:

Accepted Answer

Equity theory is concerned with distributive justice, which involves the perceived fairness of the distribution of resources and rewards.

Question 19

In equity theory,if perceived outcomes and inputs are not balanced,an individual will make certain adjustments to correct imbalance.

Accepted Answer

In equity theory, an individual will make certain adjustments to correct imbalance if perceived outcomes and inputs are not balanced. This is known as the equity theory of motivation, which proposes that individuals strive to achieve fairness and balance in their social exchanges. If they perceive that their inputs (such as time or effort) are not being adequately compensated by their outcomes (such as pay or recognition), they may decrease their inputs or seek higher outcomes to restore balance. Alternatively, they may increase their inputs or accept lower outcomes to maintain relationships or social norms.

Question 20

If a salaried employee is overpaid,equity theory would predict that:

Accepted Answer

Equity theory suggests that when employees perceive they are overpaid, they may increase their effort to restore balance, potentially improving quantity and/or quality of their work.

Quiz 7: Motivation: From Concept to Application