Question 1

Unstructured problems are ones that are familiar, straightforward, and clear with respect to the information needs.

Accepted Answer

Unstructured problems are actually the opposite of what is described. They are unfamiliar, complex, and unclear with respect to the information needed to solve them.

Question 2

A programmed decision is made when a new and unfamiliar problem arises and a novel solution is crafted to meet the demands of the unique situation at hand.

Accepted Answer

A programmed decision is a routine and repetitive decision that can be made by following an established set of rules or procedures. It is a decision that has been made and implemented many times before, and the process for making the decision is well-established. A non-programmed decision, on the other hand, is made when a new and unfamiliar problem arises and a novel solution is crafted to meet the demands of the unique situation at hand.

Question 3

Sensation thinkers are comfortable with abstraction and unstructured situations.

Accepted Answer

Sensation thinkers prefer concrete and structured situations, while Intuition thinkers are more comfortable with abstraction and unstructured situations.

Question 4

Programmed decisions use solutions already available from past experience to solve structured problems.

Accepted Answer

Programmed decisions use pre-existing solutions to solve problems that are structured and routine, so they do not require novel solutions or creative thinking.

Question 5

When decision makers lack complete information on action alternatives and their consequences but have some knowledge of the probabilities associated with the various outcomes, they are operating in an environment of uncertainty.

Accepted Answer

When decision makers have some knowledge of the probabilities associated with various outcomes, they are operating in an environment of risk, not uncertainty. In an environment of uncertainty, the probabilities of outcomes are not known.

Question 6

Cognitive styles are the various ways individuals deal with information while making decisions.

Accepted Answer

This statement is true. Cognitive styles refer to the individual differences in the ways people perceive, process, analyze, and remember information. These styles can influence problem-solving, decision-making, and learning processes.

Question 7

Most problem situations encountered by higher-level managers can be classified as routine and structured.

Accepted Answer

Most problem situations encountered by higher-level managers are complex and unstructured, requiring analysis, creativity, and judgment.

Question 8

An appropriate rule for crisis management is to never back off of a crisis because there will never be a better opportunity than the present time to resolve a crisis situation.

Accepted Answer

Effective crisis management often involves strategic retreats or adjustments in response to new information, stakeholder needs, or changing circumstances, rather than rigidly adhering to a confrontational stance.

Question 9

A crisis may be made worse if critical decisions are made with poor or inadequate information and from a limited perspective.

Accepted Answer

Critical decisions made during a crisis can have significant consequences, and making these decisions without sufficient information and a broad perspective can exacerbate the situation. It is crucial to gather as much relevant information as possible and consider multiple viewpoints before making critical decisions during a crisis.

Question 10

Most managers react to crisis situations by readily involving others in solving the problem.

Accepted Answer

Most managers tend to centralize control and make decisions more autocratically in crisis situations, rather than involving others in problem-solving.

Question 11

A crisis is an unexpected problem that can lead to disaster if not resolved quickly and appropriately.

Accepted Answer

A crisis can arise suddenly, without any prior warning or preparation, and can pose a threat to the organization's reputation, financial stability, and operations. If not handled with urgency and effective communication, a crisis can escalate and result in severe consequences.

Question 12

Structured problems can be dealt with through programmed decisions as they are routine and occur over and over again.

Accepted Answer

Structured problems have clearly defined parameters and can be solved using established procedures or rules, making them suitable for programmed decisions which are predetermined responses to frequently occurring situations.

Question 13

A programmed decision is made when students are placed on academic probation for not maintaining a minimum grade point average.

Accepted Answer

A programmed decision is a routine or repetitive decision that can be made using established rules or procedures. Placing students on academic probation for not maintaining a minimum GPA is a decision that can be made based on established academic policies and procedures.

Question 14

Unstructured problems are full of ambiguities and information deficiencies, and require nonprogrammed decisions that craft novel solutions to meet the demands of a unique situation.

Accepted Answer

Unstructured problems have a high degree of uncertainty and require nonroutine solutions. They often involve incomplete, complex, or contradictory information, making it difficult to use standard procedures or algorithms to arrive at a solution. Therefore, unstructured problems require creative and innovative thinking to develop unique solutions.

Question 15

Decision making in a certain environment requires the use of probabilities to estimate the likelihood that a particular outcome will occur.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Decision making in a certain environment requires...

Question 16

An appropriate guideline for crisis management is to take the time to understand what is going on with the crisis situation and the conditions under which the crisis must be resolved.

Accepted Answer

This is an appropriate guideline for crisis management as understanding the situation and conditions can help in formulating an effective response plan.

Question 17

The four cognitive styles are sensation thinkers, intuitive thinkers, intuitive feelers, and systematic feelers.

Accepted Answer

The four cognitive styles are actually sensation thinkers, intuitive thinkers, sensation feelers, and intuitive feelers. Systematic feelers is not a recognized cognitive style.

Question 18

Proactive managers try to identify those situations that are likely to be susceptible to a crisis, and then develop basic contingency plans for crisis management.

Accepted Answer

Proactive managers anticipate and plan for potential crises by identifying vulnerabilities and developing contingency plans to mitigate their impact. This approach is considered best practice in crisis management.

Question 19

An appropriate guideline for crisis management is to never "fight fire with fire" by starting another crisis to get people's attention.

Accepted Answer

The answer of An appropriate guideline for crisis management is...

Question 20

Intuitive feelers prefer broad and global issues, and they value flexibility and human relations.

Accepted Answer

Intuitive feelers, according to personality theory, are characterized by their preference for analyzing broad and global issues, as well as their appreciation for flexibility and human relationships.

Quiz 7: Information and Decision Making