Question 1

The fact that some animals react to the consequences that another receives for completing the same task shows us that they're capable of

Accepted Answer

The fact that animals are reacting to the consequences that another animal receives for completing a task suggests that they are learning through observation and imitation, which falls under the category of vicarious learning. Classical conditioning involves pairing a neutral stimulus with a naturally occurring stimulus to create a response, operant conditioning involves learning through the consequences of one’s own actions, and habituation involves a decrease in response to a repeated stimulus over time, none of which fully apply to this scenario.

Question 2

Ellie is learning how to tie her shoe by copying exactly what her mother is doing on her other shoe.This is an example of

Accepted Answer

Observational learning, also known as social learning, is the process of learning by watching others. Ellie is observing and copying her mother's behavior to learn how to tie her shoe. This type of learning is based on modeling, where a person imitates the actions of others.

Question 3

How do we know that some animals are capable of vicarious learning?

Accepted Answer

Vicarious learning refers to learning that occurs through observing the consequences of others' behavior. Animals capable of vicarious learning react to the consequences that another receives for completing the same task. They learn from the success or failure of others' actions.

Question 4

Seven-year old Eddie is visiting his friend's house after school.His friend runs right in the house,tracking mud everywhere,and his mother scolds him.According to Bandura's findings,what is Eddie likely to do?

Accepted Answer

According to Bandura's findings, Eddie is likely to observe and learn from his friend's punishment and refrain from copying his behavior. Therefore, the best choice is option D, which suggests Eddie will be very careful not to track any mud on the floor.

Question 5

Edwin is watching his wife swim laps in their pool.Even though Edwin isn't swimming himself,it is likely that there is activity in his ___.

Accepted Answer

Mirror neurons are a type of neuron in the brain that are active both when an individual performs an action and when they observe someone else performing the same action. Therefore, when Edwin watches his wife swim laps, his mirror neurons may be active as if he was swimming himself. This can help explain why people may feel a sense of empathy or immersion when watching others perform certain actions.

Question 6

Neuroscientists believe that the neural basis for imitation and observational learning is ___.

Accepted Answer

Mirror neurons are specialized cells in the brain that fire when an individual performs an action or observes another individual performing the same action. These neurons provide a neural basis for imitation and observational learning.

Question 7

Rayna is about to take over as the Zamboni driver at the local rink.She watches the previous guy do it and notices that he misses one corner entirely and over-waters the net areas so that now they're all slushy.Their boss comes over and yells at the driver,pointing out all the mistakes.According to studies of vicarious learning,what will Rayna learn from this?

Accepted Answer

Rayna will learn from this experience how to drive the Zamboni and what will happen if she doesn't do it right. This is because she is observing the previous driver's mistakes and the consequences of those mistakes.

Question 8

When the observer shows that an individual has learned a behaviour that was demonstrated by another,it is called

Accepted Answer

Social learning is the process of learning by observing and imitating the behaviours of others. It involves vicarious learning (learning by observing the consequences of others' actions) and modelling (imitating the behaviour of others). The observer can show that an individual has learned a behaviour by observing their imitation or replication of that behaviour, which is a key aspect of social learning. Learned helplessness, on the other hand, refers to a passive response to uncontrollable aversive events and is not related to observational learning.

Question 9

After four-year old Trisha shows her grandparents the ballet steps she recently learned,they applaud and cheer.Almost immediately,Trisha's three-year old cousin begins to imitate her dancing.Which of the following does this example best demonstrate?

Accepted Answer

The answer of After four-year old Trisha shows her grandparents...

Question 10

Edgar is starting a job as greens-keeper for his local golf course.He watches the previous guy cut one of the greens and he misses one entire strip down the middle and runs over part of the fringe.The boss comes over and yells at the old greens-keeper,pointing out all the mistakes.What will Edgar learn from this?

Accepted Answer

Edgar will learn how to cut the green and what will happen if he doesn't do it right because he sees the consequences of the old greens-keeper's mistakes.

Question 11

One way in which observational learning is like vicarious learning is that

Accepted Answer

Observational learning and vicarious learning both involve learning a behavior by watching another. While there may be some overlap in terms of the consequences learned or the use of conditioning, the fundamental similarity between these two types of learning is the reliance on observation and modeling of behavior. Shaping is not necessarily a component of either observational learning or vicarious learning, although it may be useful in reinforcing certain behaviors that are observed.

Question 12

The consequence received by a model is also encoded,as revealed through studies of

Accepted Answer

Vicarious learning involves observing the consequences that someone else receives for their behavior. Therefore, the consequence received by a model is also encoded in vicarious learning.

Question 13

In what way is vicarious learning like operant conditioning?

Accepted Answer

Operant conditioning focuses on the consequences of a behavior, as does vicarious learning. Both believe that consequences shape behavior.

Question 14

Studies of vicarious learning have shown that

Accepted Answer

Studies have shown that we not only learn the actions performed by another person but also the consequences that person experiences. This is known as vicarious learning, where we learn by observing others.

Question 15

What is the difference between observational learning and vicarious learning?

Accepted Answer

Observational learning occurs when an individual observes and learns from the behavior of others. Vicarious learning is a type of observational learning in which an individual learns from the consequences experienced by others who perform a behavior. Therefore, the key difference between the two is that with vicarious learning, the consequences to the model are also learned, while observational learning is more general and does not necessarily involve learning from consequences. Options A and B are incorrect as they do not accurately capture the distinction between observational and vicarious learning. Option D is incorrect as it is not necessarily true that individuals are subtle about making observations in observational learning or openly trying to copy behavior in vicarious learning.

Question 16

Evidence that observational learning has occurred is found with

Accepted Answer

Modelling is a key aspect of observational learning, where individuals learn by watching and imitating the behaviour of others. Evidence of observational learning can be seen when individuals replicate the behaviour they observed in others. Vicarious learning and social learning are also key components of observational learning, but the best choice is D as it directly relates to modelling. Learned helplessness is not related to observational learning.

Question 17

Which two types of learning both emphasize the importance of the consequences of behaviour?

Accepted Answer

Operant conditioning and vicarious learning both emphasize the consequences of behavior. Operant conditioning involves learning through rewards and punishments, while vicarious learning involves observing the consequences of others' behaviors.

Question 18

Which of the following people has accomplished vicarious learning?

Accepted Answer

Jiang learned from another person's experience (his co-worker's scolding) and adjusted his behavior accordingly. This is an example of vicarious learning.

A, B, and C do not involve learning from others' experiences, but rather personal experiences or subjective reactions.

Question 19

Niles is learning how to use a screwdriver to remove a screw by watching his dad do one screw and then he tries the next one.This is an example of

Accepted Answer

This is an example of observational learning, where Niles is learning by observing and imitating his dad's behavior. It is not classical conditioning because there is no pairing of a stimulus and a response, and it is not operant conditioning because there is no reinforcement or punishment involved. It is also not habituation because Niles is actively learning something new.

Question 20

Daphne is learning how to pump up the tire on her bike by watching her dad do her front tire and then as he watches she does the back tire by herself.This is an example of

Accepted Answer

Daphne is learning by observing and imitating her father, which is an example of observational learning. Classical conditioning involves learning associations between two stimuli, operant conditioning involves learning through the consequences of behavior, and habituation involves a decrease in response to a repeated stimulus. None of these concepts apply to Daphne's situation.

Quiz 7: Learning