Question 1

Learned helplessness occurs when

Accepted Answer

Learned helplessness occurs when a person fails to attempt an escape from an aversive situation following previous experience with an inescapable aversive situation. This leads to a belief that their actions do not have any effect on the outcome, making them feel helpless and passive in such situations.

Question 2

Based on your text's discussion,which of the following statements best captures the relationship between observational learning and modelling?

Accepted Answer

The answer of Based on your text's discussion,which of the...

Question 3

Which of the following is an example of negative reinforcement?

Accepted Answer

Negative reinforcement involves the removal of an unpleasant stimulus to increase the likelihood of a behavior being repeated. In this case, the unpleasant stimulus is the nagging from the mother, and cleaning the room removes that unpleasant stimulus.

Question 4

Which of the following is an example of negative punishment?

Accepted Answer

Negative punishment involves the removal of a desirable stimulus in order to decrease the likelihood of a behavior recurring. Option C fits this definition as the PlayStation (desirable stimulus) would be taken away if the behavior (not cleaning the room) continued. Options A and B involve positive reinforcement, as a reward is offered for the desired behavior. Option D involves positive punishment, as a punishment is offered for the undesired behavior.

Question 5

In an investigation of learned helplessness,some rats successfully avoid a painful shock by moving to a certain corner of the cage.These rats' behaviour is learned through

Accepted Answer

Negative reinforcement involves the removal of an aversive stimulus to increase the likelihood of a behavior being repeated. In this case, the rats are moving to a certain corner of the cage to avoid the painful shock, which is an example of negative reinforcement. Positive reinforcement involves the addition of a desired stimulus to increase the likelihood of a behavior being repeated, positive punishment involves the addition of an aversive stimulus to decrease the likelihood of a behavior being repeated, and negative punishment involves the removal of a desired stimulus to decrease the likelihood of a behavior being repeated. None of these options accurately describe the rats' behavior in this situation.

Question 6

Jucina's mother spanks Jucina for hitting her younger brother.According to the principles of observational learning,the mother is ___.

Accepted Answer

The mother is acting as a model for aggressive behavior because, according to observational learning principles, Jucina may learn to respond to conflicts with aggression by observing her mother's actions.

Question 7

When a person fails to attempt an escape from an aversive situation following previous experience with an inescapable aversive situation,this is called

Accepted Answer

This is a classic example of learned helplessness, which occurs when an individual learns that there is no escape from a particular aversive situation, and subsequently gives up on attempting to escape even if an escape option becomes available. This is often seen in situations involving animals or people who have been exposed to uncontrollable stressors for prolonged periods of time.

Question 8

Based on social learning theory,which of the following is the best slogan to present to a class for parents who want their children to adopt their standards of behaviour?

Accepted Answer

According to social learning theory, children are more likely to adopt their parents' behaviors if they see their parents modeling those behaviors consistently. Therefore, the best slogan to present to parents who want their children to adopt their standards of behavior is "Practise what you preach." This emphasizes the importance of parents setting a good example for their children to follow.

Question 9

Observational learning is defined as

Accepted Answer

Observational learning involves learning through observation and imitation of others, rather than through direct experience or exposure to rewards and punishments.

Question 10

What type(s)of media may promote aggressive behaviours in children?

Accepted Answer

Video games, cartoons, and movies are all forms of media that have been linked to promoting aggressive behaviors in children. Video games that are violent, for example, have been shown to increase aggressive thoughts and behaviors in children. Similarly, cartoons and movies that depict violent or aggressive behavior can have a similar effect. Therefore, all of the above choices may promote aggressive behaviors in children.

Question 11

Biological preparedness plays a key role in

Accepted Answer

Biological preparedness influences both classical and operant conditioning by making certain associations more naturally learnable than others due to evolutionary predispositions.

Question 12

If a mother acts in a discriminatory way when she encounters someone of a different ethnic group,it is likely that her child will similarly learn to discriminate against people from other ethnic groups.This is an example of how prejudice is acquired through ___.

Accepted Answer

Observational learning involves the acquisition of behavior or attitudes by watching and imitating others. In this scenario, the child is observing their mother's discriminatory behavior and learning to discriminate against people from other ethnic groups through imitation.

Question 13

Serena's grandmother gave her $1.00 for clearing the dishes from the table.Later Serena sees her grandmother give her little brother $2.00 for putting away the dishes.The next time Serena's grandmother asks her to do something,what will be the likely outcome?

Accepted Answer

Serena may expect to be paid the same amount as her brother for similar chores, leading her to likely not do the task unless she receives $2.00.

Question 14

Zoe has bought her 10 bags of dog food at the Buy n' Bag,so now her 11?? one is free.According to the law of effect,what should this do to Zoe's tendency to buy dog food at the Buy n' Bag?

Accepted Answer

According to the law of effect, if a behavior is rewarded, it is more likely to be repeated. Zoe has been rewarded with a free bag of dog food, which should increase her tendency to buy dog food at the Buy n' Bag. Therefore, choice (C) is the correct answer.

Question 15

Daan's niece is learning baseball for the first time so he takes her out to an empty diamond,so they can practice.He shows her where to stand,how to hold the bat,and how to swing.Then she tries to do it just like Daan.What learning technique is this?

Accepted Answer

This is an example of modelling, as Daan is demonstrating how to play baseball and the niece is attempting to imitate his behavior.

Question 16

Ronald signed on 10 new customers this week,and as recognition for this,his boss made an announcement to the sales team and awarded him with a $100 bonus.According to the law of effect,what should this do to selling behaviour?

Accepted Answer

The Law of Effect states that behaviour that is followed by positive consequences is more likely to be repeated in the future. Ronald receiving a $100 bonus for signing on 10 new customers will reinforce his behaviour and motivate him to continue to bring in new customers. This may also influence the rest of the sales team to increase their efforts in order to receive recognition and rewards similar to Ronald's, leading to an increase in selling behaviour.

Question 17

Learned helplessness may offer an animal model of human

Accepted Answer

Learned helplessness is an animal model of depression. It is a phenomenon where an animal is repeatedly subjected to an aversive stimulus that it cannot escape from. As a result, the animal learns to become helpless even when the aversive stimulus is removed. This model has been used to study the underlying mechanisms of depression in humans.

Question 18

How can the principles of partial reinforcement be used to manage the behaviours of children?

Accepted Answer

The principles of partial reinforcement involve reinforcing a behavior only some of the time, and behavior modification is an approach that utilizes these principles to change behavior. By partially reinforcing desirable behaviors, such as completing homework or following directions, children can be encouraged to continue exhibiting these behaviors even when reinforcement is not present. This method is more effective than continuous reinforcement as it offers motivation for behaviors even in the absence of reinforcement. Shaping and learned helplessness are related to behavior modification but are not directly related to the principles of partial reinforcement.

Question 19

Learning that occurs without direct training but instead from watching others is called

Accepted Answer

Observational learning refers to learning that occurs through observing the behavior of others. It is often also referred to as social learning or modelling. Social reinforcement (A) refers to the process of being reinforced by the responses of others (such as praise or acceptance). Operant conditioning (D) is a type of learning that occurs when behavior is modified by the consequences (reinforcement or punishment) that follow it.

Question 20

Bandura's "Bobo doll" experiments were intended to demonstrate

Accepted Answer

Bandura's "Bobo doll" experiments were designed to demonstrate observational learning, which is the process of acquiring new behaviors by watching and imitating others. In these experiments, children observed an adult model behaving aggressively toward a Bobo doll and then imitated the behavior themselves. This showed that children can learn new behaviors simply by observing others, rather than through direct reinforcement or punishment. The experiments did not focus on shaping, latent learning, or insight learning, so options A, C, and D are incorrect.

Quiz 7: Learning