Question 1

Fourteen-year-old Michael Rehbein had the left hemisphere of his brain removed to end uncontrollable seizures. His right hemisphere gradually began to reorganize and take over functions that normally occurred in the brain's left hemisphere. This case study is cited in the chapter in order to demonstrate that
A) the brain is both flexible and resilient.
B) myelination varies in different areas of the brain.
C) the effects of deprived environments on the brain are irreversible.
D) the brain can adapt and function only when whole.

Accepted Answer

The case study of Michael Rehbein shows that the brain is both flexible and resilient, as his right hemisphere was able to reorganize and take over functions normally performed by the left hemisphere after its removal. This demonstrates the brain's ability to adapt and compensate for damaged or missing parts.

Question 2

Infant nighttime waking problems have consistently been linked to
A) parental negligence with regard to sleep-related interactions with the infant.
B) extrinsic factors such as high levels of traffic noise.
C) intrinsic factors such as an alcoholic mother.
D) excessive parental involvement in sleep-related interactions with the infant.

Accepted Answer

Excessive parental involvement in sleep-related interactions with the infant has been linked to infant nighttime waking problems. This can include actions such as rocking the baby to sleep or immediately responding to every sound the baby makes during the night, which can create a dependence on those interactions for the infant to fall asleep and stay asleep.

Question 3

According to the neuroconstructivist view of brain development, ________.
A) biological processes and environmental conditions influence the brain's development
B) the brain does not have plasticity and is therefore independent of context
C) a child's cognitive development is weakly linked to the development of the brain
D) our genes determine how our brains are wired

Accepted Answer

The neuroconstructivist view proposes that both biological processes and environmental conditions influence the development of the brain. This view emphasizes the importance of context, as the brain adapts and responds to experiences and environmental influences.

Question 4

Which of the following statements about infants and REM sleep is true?
A) When infants are three months old, the amount of time they spend in REM sleep begins to increase.
B) Most infants spend about 70 percent of their sleeping time in REM sleep.
C) REM sleep might promote the brain's development in infancy.
D) Older adults are the only group that spends more time in REM sleep than infants.

Accepted Answer

Research suggests that REM sleep may promote the development and maturation of the brain in infancy. Option A is incorrect because the amount of time spent in REM sleep increases significantly in the first few months of life, not specifically at three months. Option B is incorrect because most infants actually spend about 50 percent of their sleeping time in REM sleep. Option D is incorrect because while older adults do spend more time in REM sleep than other adult age groups, they do not spend more time in REM sleep than infants.

Question 5

Which of the following is generally accepted to be the most critical factor in predicting whether an infant will develop sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS)?
A) prone sleeping
B) supine sleeping
C) perceptual-motor coupling
D) swaddling

Accepted Answer

Prone sleeping (sleeping on the stomach) is widely recognized as a significant risk factor for Sudden Infant Death Syndrome (SIDS). Research and public health campaigns have consistently shown that placing infants on their backs to sleep (supine position) significantly reduces the risk of SIDS.

Question 6

Amira is concerned about putting her baby on his stomach to sleep because of the risk that he might stop breathing, usually during the night, and die suddenly without an apparent cause. In other words, she is concerned about
A) shaken baby syndrome.
B) sudden infant death syndrome.
C) Down syndrome.
D) marasmus.

Accepted Answer

The description given refers to sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS), also known as crib death, which is the sudden and unexplained death of a baby under the age of one. It is often associated with babies being put to sleep on their stomachs, although the exact cause is still unknown. Shaken baby syndrome refers to intentional violent shaking of a baby, while Down syndrome is a genetic condition and marasmus is a severe form of malnutrition.

Question 7

Which of the following statements is true about sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS)?
A) It is the least common cause of infant deaths in the United States.
B) Its level of risk is high at 36 to 48 months of age for infants.
C) It usually occurs when infants stop breathing, usually during night, and die suddenly without any apparent reason.
D) Its level of risk is high when infants sleep on their backs, in a supine position.

Accepted Answer

SIDS is a sudden and unexplained death of an infant under one year of age. It is the leading cause of death in infants between one month and one year old in the United States. The exact cause of SIDS is unknown, but it is believed to occur when infants stop breathing, usually during sleep, and die suddenly without any apparent reason. The level of risk is highest in the first six months of life, and there is no known way to prevent SIDS. The American Academy of Pediatrics recommends placing infants on their backs to sleep to reduce the risk of SIDS.

Question 8

The most common infant sleep-related problem reported by parents is ________.
A) nighttime waking
B) sleepwalking
C) sudden infant death syndrome
D) choking

Accepted Answer

Nighttime waking is the most common infant sleep-related problem reported by parents. It is common for infants to wake up multiple times during the night, and this can be a challenge for parents who are trying to establish a sleep routine for their child. Sleepwalking, sudden infant death syndrome, and choking are also concerns for parents, but they are not as common as nighttime waking.

Question 9

Infant nighttime waking problems at one year of age predicted
A) attention deficit disorder at four years of age.
B) lower sleep efficiency at four years of age.
C) increased hyperactivity at four years of age.
D) no difference in sleep at four years of age.

Accepted Answer

The article specifically states that "infant sleep problems at 12 months predict lower sleep efficiency at age 4" but does not mention predicting attention deficit disorder or increased hyperactivity.

Question 10

Which of the following does the American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) recommend to reduce the risk of sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS)?
A) Infants should be placed to sleep in the prone position.
B) Infants should be placed to sleep on their backs.
C) Infants should be placed to sleep on very soft bedding.
D) Infants should be placed to sleep in a bedroom without a fan.

Accepted Answer

The AAP recommends that infants be placed to sleep on their backs to reduce the risk of SIDS. Infants should not be placed to sleep in the prone position or on very soft bedding, as this can increase the risk of SIDS. The presence of a fan in the bedroom is not specifically mentioned as a risk factor or preventative measure for SIDS.

Question 11

Similar to the epigenetic view, the ________ view emphasizes the importance of interactions between experience and gene expression in the brain's development.
A) neuroconstructivist
B) dynamic systems
C) genetic
D) ecological

Accepted Answer

The neuroconstructivist view emphasizes the idea that the brain's development is influenced by both genes and environmental factors, and that experience and gene expression interact to shape neural development. This view highlights the plasticity of the brain and its ability to adapt to different experiences over time. The other options do not address the importance of experience and gene expression in the same way as the neuroconstructivist view.

Question 12

Identify a true statement about REM sleep in infancy.
A) Compared with non-REM sleep, a much greater amount of time is taken up by REM sleep in infancy than at any other point in the life span.
B) Compared with non-REM sleep, REM sleep is more quiet.
C) Infants often begin their sleep cycle with non-REM sleep rather than REM sleep.
D) REM sleep hinders self-stimulation in infants since they spend less time awake than do older children.

Accepted Answer

REM sleep takes up a much greater amount of time in infancy compared with non-REM sleep than at any other point in the life span.

Question 13

Identify a reason why the members of the American Academy of Pediatrics Task Force on Infant Positioning and SIDS (AAPTFIPS) (2000) discourage shared sleeping.
A) They argue that infant-parent bed sharing is associated with less night waking for mothers but more for infants.
B) They argue that infant-parent bed sharing is associated with more marital distress.
C) They argue that infant-parent bed sharing might lead to sudden infant death syndrome.
D) They argue that infant-parent bed sharing leads to earlier bedtimes and shorter time to fall asleep for infants.

Accepted Answer

The members of the American Academy of Pediatrics Task Force on Infant Positioning and SIDS (AAPTFIPS) discourage shared sleeping because they argue that infant-parent bed sharing might lead to sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS).

Question 14

According to the neuroconstructivist view of brain development, which of the following is true of the plasticity of the brain?
A) The plasticity of the brain is context dependent.
B) The plasticity of the brain is independent of experiences.
C) Interactions between experience and gene expression play a minor role in the plasticity of the brain.
D) A child's cognitive development is weakly linked to the plasticity of the brain.

Accepted Answer

According to the neuroconstructivist view of brain development, the plasticity of the brain is context dependent. This means that the brain's ability to change and adapt is influenced by the individual's experiences and environment. Thus, experiences play a crucial role in shaping the brain's development and function. The interaction between experiences and gene expression is believed to be a key aspect of brain plasticity. In addition, a child's cognitive development is strongly linked to the plasticity of the brain.

Question 15

Baby Yoshi has a condition that is a risk factor for SIDS. Sometimes, she has a temporary cessation of breathing in which her airway is completely blocked, usually for 10 seconds or longer. This condition is known as
A) parasomnia.
B) arrhythmia.
C) sleep apnea.
D) catathrenia.

Accepted Answer

The description matches the symptoms of sleep apnea, which is characterized by temporary cessation of breathing and occurs frequently in infants who are at a higher risk for SIDS. Parasomnia, arrhythmia, and catathrenia do not fit the given description.

Question 16

How is sleep in infancy linked to cognitive development?
A) Too much sleep in infancy is connected to decreased alertness later on.
B) Lower quality of sleep at one year of age is related to lower attention regulation and behavioral issues by three to four years of age.
C) Two hours less sleep than average every night in infants increases cognitive function by three to four years of age.
D) If babies do not get good enough sleep during infancy, their brains will completely stop developing.

Accepted Answer

Various studies have shown that lower quality of sleep in infancy, particularly at one year of age, is related to lower attention regulation and behavioral issues by three to four years of age. It is important for infants to get enough high-quality sleep to support cognitive development.

Question 17

Who is at the highest risk of SIDS?
A) Malachi who is four weeks old
B) Tyrell who is six weeks old
C) Chaz who is three months old
D) Isaiah who is ten months old

Accepted Answer

SIDS (Sudden Infant Death Syndrome) risk is highest between 2 and 4 months of age, making Chaz, who is three months old, at the highest risk.

Question 18

Which of the following is true of the factors that are linked to sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS)?
A) Breast feeding is linked to a lower incidence of SIDS.
B) SIDS is less likely to occur in infants who do not use a pacifier when they go to sleep than in those who do use a pacifier.
C) Infants whose siblings have died of SIDS are unlikely to die of it.
D) SIDS is less common when infants and parents share the same bed.

Accepted Answer

Breastfeeding has been associated with a lower risk of SIDS. Research suggests that breastfeeding provides protective factors that can help reduce the risk of SIDS.

Question 19

According to neuroscientists, which of the following is true of how the brain is wired or rewired?
A) Repeated experience is what wires the brain or rewires it.
B) Genes solely determine how the brain is wired or rewired.
C) Environmental conditions solely determine how the brain is wired or rewired.
D) The wiring of the brain remains constant as its plasticity is dictated by heredity.

Accepted Answer

Neuroscientists have found that the brain is constantly rewiring itself in response to experiences, which supports choice A. While genes do play a role in brain development, they do not solely determine how the brain is wired or rewired (choice B). Similarly, while environmental conditions do have an impact on brain development, they do not solely dictate how the brain is wired or rewired (choice C). The concept of brain plasticity contradicts the idea that brain wiring remains constant and is only dictated by heredity, so choice D is incorrect.

Question 20

From an evolutionary perspective, which of the following is true of sleep?
A) Sleep plays a minor role in brain plasticity.
B) Sleep is essential to clearing out waste in neural tissues.
C) Synaptic connections between neurons decrease during sleep.
D) Sleep hinders the consolidation of memories.

Accepted Answer

From an evolutionary perspective, sleep is essential for clearing out waste in neural tissues. The glymphatic system, which is responsible for waste clearance in the brain, is most active during sleep. Without sleep, waste products can build up and potentially harm the brain.

Quiz 4: Physical Development in Infancy

Infant nighttime waking problems have consistently been linked to

According to the neuroconstructivist view of brain development, ________.

Which of the following statements about infants and REM sleep is true?

Which of the following is generally accepted to be the most critical factor in predicting whether an infant will develop sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) ?

Amira is concerned about putting her baby on his stomach to sleep because of the risk that he might stop breathing, usually during the night, and die suddenly without an apparent cause. In other words, she is concerned about

Which of the following statements is true about sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) ?

The most common infant sleep-related problem reported by parents is ________.

Infant nighttime waking problems at one year of age predicted

Which of the following does the American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) recommend to reduce the risk of sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) ?

Similar to the epigenetic view, the ________ view emphasizes the importance of interactions between experience and gene expression in the brain's development.

Identify a true statement about REM sleep in infancy.

Identify a reason why the members of the American Academy of Pediatrics Task Force on Infant Positioning and SIDS (AAPTFIPS) (2000) discourage shared sleeping.

According to the neuroconstructivist view of brain development, which of the following is true of the plasticity of the brain?

Baby Yoshi has a condition that is a risk factor for SIDS. Sometimes, she has a temporary cessation of breathing in which her airway is completely blocked, usually for 10 seconds or longer. This condition is known as

How is sleep in infancy linked to cognitive development?

Who is at the highest risk of SIDS?

Which of the following is true of the factors that are linked to sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) ?

According to neuroscientists, which of the following is true of how the brain is wired or rewired?

From an evolutionary perspective, which of the following is true of sleep?