Question 1

The receptor sites of receiving neurons have been observed to increase following
A) priming.
B) the serial position effect.
C) long-term potentiation.
D) administration of propranolol.

Accepted Answer

Long-term potentiation (LTP) is a long-lasting increase in the strength of the synaptic connections between neurons. LTP has been shown to increase the number of receptor sites on receiving neurons, which can lead to more efficient neural communication. Priming (A) refers to the effect of a previous stimulus on the processing of a subsequent stimulus, and it does not directly relate to receptor site increase. The serial position effect (B) refers to the phenomenon where items at the beginning or end of a list are more easily remembered than items in the middle, and it also does not relate to receptor site increase. Administration of propranolol (D) is a beta-blocker medication that can block certain receptors, but it does not directly cause an increase in receptor sites.

Question 2

Hotaka can vividly recall the devastating experience of barely surviving the tsunami that took the lives of many others.It is likely that the stress of that experience provoked the ________ to boost activity in the memory-forming areas of his brain.
A) hypothalamus
B) cerebellum
C) thalamus
D) amygdala

Accepted Answer

The amygdala is responsible for processing emotions, including fear, and is known to be involved in memory formation. The stress and trauma of surviving a devastating event such as a tsunami could stimulate the amygdala to increase activity in the memory-forming areas of the brain.

Question 3

Exceptionally clear memories of emotionally significant events are called
A) implicit memories.
B) flashbulb memories.
C) mood-congruent memories.
D) procedural memories.

Accepted Answer

Flashbulb memories are exceptionally clear and detailed memories of emotionally significant events. They are typically formed in response to surprising, traumatic, or highly emotional events, and often involve vivid imagery and sensory details. Examples of flashbulb memories might include memories of where you were and what you were doing when you heard about the 9/11 attacks or the death of a loved one.

Question 4

When learning occurs through classical conditioning,the sea slug,Aplysia,releases more ________ at certain synapses.
A) serotonin
B) propranolol
C) insulin
D) LTP

Accepted Answer

When learning occurs through classical conditioning, the sea slug Aplysia releases more serotonin at certain synapses.

Question 5

Which of the following lines of evidence does NOT confirm that LTP is a physical basis for memory?
A) Drugs that block LTP have been found to interfere with learning.
B) Drugs that mimic what happens during learning have been found to increase LTP.
C) Rats given a drug that enhanced LTP learned a maze with half the usual number of mistakes.
D) Rats given a drug that blocked LTP learned a maze with few mistakes.

Accepted Answer

The fact that rats given a drug that blocked LTP still learned a maze with few mistakes suggests that LTP may not be the only physical basis for memory. Other mechanisms may also be involved.

Question 6

The smell of freshly baked bread awakened in Mr.Hutz vivid memories of his early childhood.The aroma apparently acted as a powerful
A) LTP.
B) retrieval cue.
C) implicit memory.
D) memory trace.

Accepted Answer

The smell of freshly baked bread acted as a retrieval cue, triggering vivid memories from Mr. Hutz's early childhood.

Question 7

We long remember exciting or shocking events because of activation of the limbic system's
A) hypothalamus.
B) amygdala.
C) basal ganglia.
D) cerebellum.

Accepted Answer

The amygdala is a key part of the limbic system that is responsible for processing emotions, particularly fear and aggression. When we experience exciting or shocking events, the amygdala is activated, leading to the formation of strong memories. The other options (hypothalamus, basal ganglia, cerebellum) are also part of the limbic system, but they are not as directly involved in emotional processing as the amygdala.

Question 8

When questioned a day or two after directly experiencing a San Francisco earthquake,people had very accurate recall of where they had been and what they were doing at the time of the earthquake.Their recall best illustrates ________ memory.
A) implicit
B) state-dependent
C) procedural
D) flashbulb

Accepted Answer

The accurate and vivid recall of the specific details and emotions surrounding an important and surprising event, such as a natural disaster, is known as flashbulb memory.

Question 9

The temporary release of serotonin has been found to ________ memory formation,and the temporary release of stress hormones has been found to ________ memory formation.
A) disrupt;facilitate
B) facilitate;disrupt
C) disrupt;disrupt
D) facilitate;facilitate

Accepted Answer

The answer of The temporary release of serotonin has been...

Question 10

The availability of glucose energy necessary for memory consolidation is most likely to be enhanced by
A) priming.
B) stress hormones.
C) propranolol.
D) the serial position effect.

Accepted Answer

Stress hormones, such as cortisol, can increase the availability of glucose energy in the bloodstream, which is necessary for memory consolidation. This is because stress hormones signal to the liver to produce and release glucose, providing the brain with the necessary energy for memory formation.

Question 11

Long-term potentiation refers to
A) the impact of effortful processing on retention.
B) an automatic tendency to recall emotionally significant events.
C) an increase in a neuron's firing potential.
D) the process of learning something without any conscious memory of having learned it.

Accepted Answer

Long-term potentiation refers to the strengthening of synaptic connections between neurons, specifically an increase in a neuron's firing potential. It does not relate to effortful processing, emotional significance, or unconscious learning.

Question 12

Information linked to a specific memory is a(n)
A) memory trace.
B) implicit memory.
C) retrieval cue.
D) LTP.

Accepted Answer

A retrieval cue is a stimulus that helps bring a specific memory into consciousness, aiding in the recall of information linked to that memory.

Question 13

A baseball strikes Ashley in the head and she is momentarily knocked unconscious.The physical injury,though not serious,is most likely to interfere with Ashley's
A) flashbulb memories.
B) long-term memories.
C) procedural memories.
D) very recent memories.

Accepted Answer

The physical injury to Ashley's head would most likely interfere with her very recent memories, as these are the memories that have not yet been consolidated and are therefore more vulnerable to disruption. Flashbulb memories are highly emotional and vivid memories of significant events, and are not likely to be affected by a physical injury to the head. Long-term memories and procedural memories have already been consolidated and are not as vulnerable to disruption from a physical injury.

Question 14

Individuals who received ________ for 10 days following a traumatic experience subsequently showed fewer signs of a stress disorder.
A) propranolol
B) epinephrine
C) LTP
D) aspirin

Accepted Answer

Propranolol is a beta-blocker that has been shown to reduce the consolidation of traumatic memories and decrease the likelihood of developing post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) if administered shortly after a traumatic event.

Question 15

Taylor remembers everything about his high school graduation ceremony.This is an example of
A) LTP.
B) memory consolidation.
C) priming.
D) a flashbulb memory.

Accepted Answer

Taylor's vivid and highly detailed memory of his high school graduation ceremony indicates a flashbulb memory. Flashbulb memories are highly emotional and significant events that are remembered in great detail, often for years or even a lifetime. While not all individuals will form flashbulb memories in response to highly emotional events, those who do typically recall them with a similar level of detail and clarity as Taylor does with his graduation ceremony.

Question 16

Children too young to speak have not learned the words that we use to index much of our explicit memory.This most clearly helps to explain the occurrence of
A) mood-congruent memory.
B) long-term potentiation.
C) flashbulb memory.
D) infantile amnesia.

Accepted Answer

Infantile amnesia refers to the inability of adults to retrieve memories of events that occurred before the age of 3-4 years old. This is likely due to the fact that children at this age have not yet developed the ability to use words to encode and store explicit memories in the same way that adults do.

Question 17

Explicit memory is to ________ as implicit memory is to ________.
A) automatic processing;effortful processing
B) sensory memory;working memory
C) hippocampus;cerebellum
D) basal ganglia;frontal lobes

Accepted Answer

Explicit memory is associated with the hippocampus, while implicit memory is associated with the cerebellum.

Question 18

Which of the following provides a neural basis for learning and remembering conditioned associations?
A) the serial position effect
B) long-term potentiation
C) procedural memory
D) priming

Accepted Answer

Long-term potentiation (LTP) is a neural process that underlies learning and memory, particularly the formation of conditioned associations. LTP involves the strengthening of connections between neurons through repeated stimulation, leading to increased efficiency of synaptic transmission and the formation of stable neural circuits. While the other options listed may also relate to memory and learning, they do not specifically address the neural basis of conditioned associations.

Question 19

Jane was in a car accident but has no memory of events right before the accident.What is the likely reason?
A) Her working memory did not have time to consolidate the information into long-term memory.
B) Her sensory memory failed to process the information.
C) Her long-term memory has been damaged as a result of the accident.
D) Her short-term memory did not have time to transfer the information into her working memory.

Accepted Answer

Working memory is responsible for processing and temporarily holding information that we are currently using or thinking about. However, if an event occurs quickly or suddenly, the working memory may not have time to consolidate the information into long-term memory. This may be the reason why Jane has no memory of events right before the accident.

Question 20

The amygdala boosts activity in the brain's memory-forming areas when stimulated by
A) the basal ganglia.
B) the cerebellum.
C) stress hormones.
D) propranolol.

Accepted Answer

The amygdala is known for its role in processing emotions, particularly fear and anxiety, and is also involved in the formation of memories. When stimulated by stress hormones such as cortisol and adrenaline, the amygdala can boost activity in the brain's memory-forming areas, which can lead to more vivid and long-lasting memories. Option A and B are incorrect as they do not relate to the amygdala's function in memory formation. Option D is incorrect as propranolol is a beta blocker that can actually impair memory formation by blocking the effects of stress hormones on the brain.

Quiz 8: Memory

The receptor sites of receiving neurons have been observed to increase following

Hotaka can vividly recall the devastating experience of barely surviving the tsunami that took the lives of many others.It is likely that the stress of that experience provoked the ________ to boost activity in the memory-forming areas of his brain.

Exceptionally clear memories of emotionally significant events are called

When learning occurs through classical conditioning,the sea slug,Aplysia,releases more ________ at certain synapses.

Which of the following lines of evidence does NOT confirm that LTP is a physical basis for memory?

The smell of freshly baked bread awakened in Mr.Hutz vivid memories of his early childhood.The aroma apparently acted as a powerful

We long remember exciting or shocking events because of activation of the limbic system's

When questioned a day or two after directly experiencing a San Francisco earthquake,people had very accurate recall of where they had been and what they were doing at the time of the earthquake.Their recall best illustrates ________ memory.

The temporary release of serotonin has been found to memory formation,and the temporary release of stress hormones has been found to memory formation.

The availability of glucose energy necessary for memory consolidation is most likely to be enhanced by

Long-term potentiation refers to

Information linked to a specific memory is a(n)

A baseball strikes Ashley in the head and she is momentarily knocked unconscious.The physical injury,though not serious,is most likely to interfere with Ashley's

Individuals who received ________ for 10 days following a traumatic experience subsequently showed fewer signs of a stress disorder.

Taylor remembers everything about his high school graduation ceremony.This is an example of

Children too young to speak have not learned the words that we use to index much of our explicit memory.This most clearly helps to explain the occurrence of

Explicit memory is to as implicit memory is to .

Which of the following provides a neural basis for learning and remembering conditioned associations?

Jane was in a car accident but has no memory of events right before the accident.What is the likely reason?

The amygdala boosts activity in the brain's memory-forming areas when stimulated by