Question 1

Riley ate too much chocolate cake during his birthday party and was sick all night.If classical conditioning occurred and he associated the cake with being sick,then when Riley sees cake today,he will most likely
A) be happy because it reminds him of the great time he had at his party.
B) want to eat more cake because he is still celebrating his birthday.
C) be turned off by the smell and the memory of the taste of cake.
D) save the cake for later when he feels a little bit better.

Accepted Answer

Classical conditioning occurred when Riley associated the cake with being sick, which means that his response to the cake will now be negative. Therefore, he will be turned off by the smell and the memory of the taste of cake.

Question 2

A father takes his young daughter to the park.The girl grabs a red flower and is stung by a bee.The next day,the girl's grandmother brings her a bouquet of red flowers.When the girl sees the flowers,she becomes afraid and runs away.In this example,the conditioned stimulus is the
A) fear of the flowers.
B) red flowers.
C) pain of the sting.
D) bee.

Accepted Answer

The conditioned stimulus is the red flowers, as they have become associated with the negative experience of being stung by a bee, leading to the fear response in the girl.

Question 3

Eleanor wants to use classical conditioning to teach her students to run to the closet when the "intruder alert" sounds at their school.To be successful,Eleanor must begin the learning process with a(n)
A) conditioned stimulus.
B) unconditioned stimulus.
C) conditioned response.
D) unconditioned response.

Accepted Answer

To use classical conditioning to teach the students to run to the closet when the "intruder alert" sounds, Eleanor must first pair the sound of the "intruder alert" (neutral stimulus) with an unconditioned stimulus (such as a loud banging noise that startles the students) that will naturally elicit a response (the unconditioned response of running in fear). Through repeated pairings between the "intruder alert" and the loud banging noise, the sound of the "intruder alert" will become a conditioned stimulus that elicits the conditioned response of running to the closet.

Question 4

A conditioned stimulus is
A) an unlearned reaction.
B) something that causes a response after learning takes place.
C) something that causes a response without learning.
D) a reflexive, natural reaction.

Accepted Answer

A conditioned stimulus is one that causes a response after learning takes place. It becomes associated with an unconditioned stimulus through repeated pairings, and eventually elicits the same response as the unconditioned stimulus on its own.

Question 5

A cat is classically conditioned to purr when it hears the refrigerator door open,because it contains the cat food.But the cat does not purr when it hears the pantry door open.The fact that the cat only purrs when the refrigerator door opens is most likely a result of
A) stimulus discrimination.
B) spontaneous recovery.
C) stimulus generalization.
D) extinction.

Accepted Answer

The fact that the cat only purrs when it hears the refrigerator door open shows that it has learned to differentiate between the sound of the refrigerator door and other doors. This is an example of stimulus discrimination - the cat is only responding to a specific stimulus (the sound of the refrigerator door) and not to similar stimuli (the sound of the pantry door).

Question 6

Professor Kraig is known for his difficult quizzes,which automatically make the students anxious.Immediately before each quiz,he always turns off the projector.Students soon notice that they start to feel anxious when Professor Kraig turns off the projector.In terms of classical conditioning,Professor Kraig turning off the projector is a(n)
A) unconditioned stimulus.
B) conditioned stimulus.
C) unconditioned response.
D) conditioned response.

Accepted Answer

The turning off of the projector has become associated with the anxiety that the students feel before taking the quiz, therefore it is a conditioned stimulus (CS).

Question 7

A perfume advertisement uses classical conditioning to increase product appeal.To do this,it pairs the attractive face of the actor Brad Pitt with its perfume Chanel N? 5.If Brad Pitt elicits an innate response from you,he is being used as a(n)
A) unconditioned response.
B) conditioned response.
C) conditioned stimulus.
D) unconditioned stimulus.

Accepted Answer

Brad Pitt is being used as an unconditioned stimulus because his attractive face naturally elicits an innate response without prior conditioning.

Question 8

At lunch one day,a spider walks onto your table.It looks just like the one that bit you last year and made you very sick.You immediately start to panic,which in this situation is most likely a(n)
A) neutral stimulus.
B) conditioned stimulus.
C) unconditioned response.
D) conditioned response.

Accepted Answer

The panic you feel is a conditioned response because it is a learned reaction to the spider, which has become a conditioned stimulus after your previous negative experience.

Question 9

At a football game,you cannot help but feel excited whenever your team scores a touchdown.Because this is an unlearned response,in terms of classical conditioning,it would be called a(n)
A) conditioned response.
B) conditioned stimulus.
C) unconditioned response.
D) unconditioned stimulus.

Accepted Answer

Excitement and a positive emotional response to your team scoring a touchdown is a natural and unlearned response, which is why it is classified as an unconditioned response. The other options involve a learned association between a stimulus and response.

Question 10

Jack uses classical conditioning to teach his dog Luna to sit whenever Jack says "Sit." But now,anything that Jack says that is similar to "Sit" causes Luna to show the conditioned response of sitting.This is most likely the result of
A) stimulus generalization.
B) stimulus discrimination.
C) extinction.
D) second-order conditioning.

Accepted Answer

Stimulus generalization occurs when a conditioned response is elicited by stimuli that are similar but not identical to the original conditioned stimulus. In this case, Luna is exhibiting the conditioned response of sitting to similar phrases, indicating stimulus generalization.

Question 11

Joseph used classical conditioning to teach his sister to be afraid of squirrels.If he is successful,the neutral stimulus,the squirrel,must have been paired with a(n)________,such as ________.
A) neutral stimulus; a light turning on
B) conditioned response; running away
C) unconditioned response; an increased heartbeat
D) unconditioned stimulus; a loud noise

Accepted Answer

In this situation, Joseph would have used classical conditioning to associate the neutral stimulus (squirrel) with an unconditioned stimulus (loud noise), which would elicit an unconditioned response (fear). Over time, the squirrel alone would then elicit the conditioned response of fear. Therefore, the correct answer is D (unconditioned stimulus; a loud noise).

Question 12

Ralph ate sushi for lunch,and an hour later he felt sick to his stomach.In this situation,classical conditioning might occur.In other words,Ralph might learn an association between sushi and feeling sick because the two events
A) relate to biological needs.
B) are not related.
C) prohibit normal functioning.
D) are paired closely in timing.

Accepted Answer

Classical conditioning occurs when two events or stimuli are paired closely in timing, which is the case for Ralph eating sushi and then feeling sick to his stomach. The association between the two events is learned through this pairing, which leads to a conditioned response (feeling sick) to the conditioned stimulus (sushi).

Question 13

If you are trying to use classical conditioning to train your pet mouse to be afraid of a flashing light,you will most likely be successful if you
A) pair the light with giving the mouse a treat.
B) pair the light with an electric shock.
C) take away the mouse's food after the light comes on.
D) take away the mouse's food before the light comes on.

Accepted Answer

Pairing the flashing light with an aversive stimulus, in this case an electric shock, is the most effective way to condition the mouse to be afraid of the light. Pairing the light with a treat (A) would only serve to reinforce the mouse's behavior, making it more likely to approach the light. Taking away the mouse's food after the light comes on (C) or before the light comes on (D) would not be effective in creating the association between the light and a negative outcome.

Question 14

Jess always feels hungry at 7:00 PM.Maggie decides to play a particular song for Jess at 6:59 PM for several nights in a row.One night,Maggie plays the song at 5:30 PM and Jess says,"Huh ...I suddenly feel hungry." In this situation,classical conditioning occurred because
A) Maggie presents dinner before playing the song for Jess.
B) the song naturally causes Jess's stomach to growl.
C) Maggie paired a neutral stimulus, a song, with an unconditioned stimulus, a certain time of day, when Jess always felt hungry.
D) Maggie plays the song when Jess first arrives home and then waits an hour to serve dinner.

Accepted Answer

Classical conditioning occurred because Maggie paired a neutral stimulus, a song, with an unconditioned stimulus, a certain time of day, when Jess always felt hungry. Over time, the song became a conditioned stimulus that triggered hunger in Jess, even when it was played at a different time than usual. Choices A, B, and D do not accurately describe the process of classical conditioning that occurred in this situation.

Question 15

Samuel always receives a painful shock when he turns on the lamp in his study.After a while,Samuel refuses to touch the switch on the lamp.The lamp switch was a(n)________ stimulus that elicited a(n)________ response after a period of time.
A) unconditioned; unconditioned
B) neutral; conditioned
C) unconditioned; conditioned
D) neutral; unconditioned

Accepted Answer

The lamp switch was initially a neutral stimulus, but after being associated with the painful shock, it became a conditioned stimulus that elicited a conditioned response (refusal to touch the switch).

Question 16

If Pavlov repeatedly presented the conditioned stimulus,the metronome,without the unconditioned stimulus,the food,the dogs would stop salivating to the sound of the metronome.In classical conditioning,this process is called
A) acquisition.
B) extinction.
C) spontaneous recovery.
D) stimulus generalization.

Accepted Answer

Extinction is the process in which a conditioned response becomes weaker and eventually disappears when the conditioned stimulus is repeatedly presented without the unconditioned stimulus. In this case, if Pavlov continued to sound the metronome without presenting the food, eventually the dogs would stop salivating to the sound of the metronome.

Question 17

A main outcome of Ivan Pavlov's research is that a neutral stimulus can become a conditioned stimulus
A) when it elicits an innate response.
B) with the presence of punishment.
C) after pairing it with a stimulus that triggers a reflexive response.
D) simply by observing that stimulus.

Accepted Answer

Pavlov's research showed that a neutral stimulus, such as a bell, can become a conditioned stimulus when it is repeatedly paired with a stimulus that triggers a reflexive response, such as food. Over time, the neutral stimulus alone can elicit the same response that was originally only triggered by the food, demonstrating classical conditioning.

Question 18

If Carlos wants to use classical conditioning so his 3-year-old sister learns to be afraid of dogs,he should
A) shove her to the ground every day whether she pets a dog or not.
B) blow an air horn to make her afraid every time she pets their own dog.
C) pretend to be afraid of dogs himself.
D) give her a piece of candy every time she is afraid to go near a dog.

Accepted Answer

In classical conditioning, a neutral stimulus (dog) is paired with an unconditioned stimulus (air horn) that naturally elicits a response (fear), so the neutral stimulus eventually elicits the response on its own.

Question 19

Pederson's teacher blows a whistle when it is time for his class to come in from recess.Pederson is afraid of being left on the playground alone,so he starts to go inside any time he hears a sound like the teacher's whistle,such as the school bell ringing.Pederson's behavior is an example of
A) second-order conditioning.
B) stimulus discrimination.
C) spontaneous recovery.
D) stimulus generalization.

Accepted Answer

Pederson's behavior is an example of stimulus generalization because he is responding to stimuli that are similar to the original conditioned stimulus (the teacher's whistle).

Question 20

Alanna knows that a startling noise will always make people blink their eyes.Alanna has learned to associate a blue light with a startling noise,causing her to blink when she sees the blue light.When she blinks after seeing the blue light,she is showing a(n)
A) unconditioned response.
B) unconditioned stimulus.
C) conditioned response.
D) conditioned stimulus.

Accepted Answer

Alanna's blinking in response to the blue light is a learned behavior resulting from the association between the blue light and the startling noise. Therefore, her blinking in response to the blue light is a conditioned response. The startling noise is the unconditioned stimulus, and the automatic blinking of the eyes is the unconditioned response.

Quiz 6: Learning

Riley ate too much chocolate cake during his birthday party and was sick all night.If classical conditioning occurred and he associated the cake with being sick,then when Riley sees cake today,he will most likely

A father takes his young daughter to the park.The girl grabs a red flower and is stung by a bee.The next day,the girl's grandmother brings her a bouquet of red flowers.When the girl sees the flowers,she becomes afraid and runs away.In this example,the conditioned stimulus is the

Eleanor wants to use classical conditioning to teach her students to run to the closet when the "intruder alert" sounds at their school.To be successful,Eleanor must begin the learning process with a(n)

A conditioned stimulus is

A cat is classically conditioned to purr when it hears the refrigerator door open,because it contains the cat food.But the cat does not purr when it hears the pantry door open.The fact that the cat only purrs when the refrigerator door opens is most likely a result of

A perfume advertisement uses classical conditioning to increase product appeal.To do this,it pairs the attractive face of the actor Brad Pitt with its perfume Chanel N? 5.If Brad Pitt elicits an innate response from you,he is being used as a(n)

At lunch one day,a spider walks onto your table.It looks just like the one that bit you last year and made you very sick.You immediately start to panic,which in this situation is most likely a(n)

At a football game,you cannot help but feel excited whenever your team scores a touchdown.Because this is an unlearned response,in terms of classical conditioning,it would be called a(n)

Jack uses classical conditioning to teach his dog Luna to sit whenever Jack says "Sit." But now,anything that Jack says that is similar to "Sit" causes Luna to show the conditioned response of sitting.This is most likely the result of

Joseph used classical conditioning to teach his sister to be afraid of squirrels.If he is successful,the neutral stimulus,the squirrel,must have been paired with a(n) ,such as .

Ralph ate sushi for lunch,and an hour later he felt sick to his stomach.In this situation,classical conditioning might occur.In other words,Ralph might learn an association between sushi and feeling sick because the two events

If you are trying to use classical conditioning to train your pet mouse to be afraid of a flashing light,you will most likely be successful if you

Jess always feels hungry at 7:00 PM.Maggie decides to play a particular song for Jess at 6:59 PM for several nights in a row.One night,Maggie plays the song at 5:30 PM and Jess says,"Huh ...I suddenly feel hungry." In this situation,classical conditioning occurred because

Samuel always receives a painful shock when he turns on the lamp in his study.After a while,Samuel refuses to touch the switch on the lamp.The lamp switch was a(n) stimulus that elicited a(n) response after a period of time.

If Pavlov repeatedly presented the conditioned stimulus,the metronome,without the unconditioned stimulus,the food,the dogs would stop salivating to the sound of the metronome.In classical conditioning,this process is called

A main outcome of Ivan Pavlov's research is that a neutral stimulus can become a conditioned stimulus

If Carlos wants to use classical conditioning so his 3-year-old sister learns to be afraid of dogs,he should

Pederson's teacher blows a whistle when it is time for his class to come in from recess.Pederson is afraid of being left on the playground alone,so he starts to go inside any time he hears a sound like the teacher's whistle,such as the school bell ringing.Pederson's behavior is an example of

Alanna knows that a startling noise will always make people blink their eyes.Alanna has learned to associate a blue light with a startling noise,causing her to blink when she sees the blue light.When she blinks after seeing the blue light,she is showing a(n)