Question 1

Which of the following students is most likely to have the highest motivation to achieve?

Accepted Answer

Connor has high self-efficacy and optimism, which are two key components of motivation to achieve. He may overestimate his ability, but his belief in himself will drive him to work hard and strive for success. The other choices either have external motivators or doubts about their abilities, which can decrease motivation.

Question 2

Mrs.Carson wants her students to learn how to summarize as they read.She models the behaviors for the students and talks about each step she uses to summarize part of a story.For Mrs.Carson's students to begin to learn by observing her modeling,what elements of observational learning do they need to exhibit?

Accepted Answer

Observational learning involves paying attention to a model's behavior and remembering it, which is necessary for Mrs. Carson's students to learn how to summarize. The other options are not directly related to observational learning in this context.

Question 3

Ian is a student in Mr.Dumas's ninth grade class.When Mr.Dumas announces that there will be a science test on Friday,Ian begins to dread Friday.He wonders whether he will be able to pass the science test.He didn't do well on the previous test,and he struggled with the concepts in this chapter about natural selection.Ian's doubt about his ability to do well on the science test is representative of his:

Accepted Answer

Ian's doubt about his ability to do well on the science test is an indication of low self-efficacy. Self-efficacy refers to the belief in one's ability to perform a task successfully. Ian's poor performance on the previous test and his struggle with the concepts in the current chapter have led him to doubt his abilities, resulting in low self-efficacy.

Question 4

Staci stopped running in the hallway at school after seeing two other students receive after-school detention for running.What element of observational learning is illustrated by her stopping this behavior?

Accepted Answer

Staci stopped running in the hallway due to vicarious reinforcement, observing the punishment of her peers and wanting to avoid a similar consequence.

Question 5

Based on the information provided in the following descriptions of four teachers,which of them most likely has the highest sense of efficacy about teaching?

Accepted Answer

Mr. Gimenez's ability to help English learners raise their reading level by two grades suggests a high sense of efficacy about his teaching abilities.

Question 6

Educational psychologists talk about five possible outcomes of observational learning.Which of the following scenarios most directly illustrates one of the outcomes?

Accepted Answer

This scenario illustrates the outcome of attitude change through observational learning. Alena observed the cultural practice of not allowing girls to go to school in Africa, and this observation led to a change in her attitude towards that culture, resulting in anger.

Question 7

Which of the following posters is most likely to promote cognitive behavior modification?

Accepted Answer

Cognitive behavior modification involves changing negative or irrational thoughts and beliefs. The poster "Does this make sense?" promotes critical thinking, which can lead to identifying and changing negative or irrational thoughts. This type of questioning is often used in cognitive-behavioral therapy.

Question 8

Which of the following theorists is most closely associated with social cognitive theory?

Accepted Answer

Albert Bandura is the main proponent of social cognitive theory, which emphasizes the importance of environmental and social factors, as well as individual cognitive processes and behaviors, in shaping human development and behavior.

Question 9

Nadia has high self-efficacy for completing her assignments and making good grades in German class.All of the following likely contribute to her self-efficacy in German class EXCEPT:

Accepted Answer

Taking first place in a painting contest has no direct relation to Nadia's performance in German class, so it is unlikely to contribute to her self-efficacy in that area. On the other hand, hearing her father speak German, doing well on previous assignments in German class, and seeing her older brother do well on his German assignments are all factors that could boost Nadia's confidence in her ability to succeed in German class.

Question 10

Miranda missed the class period when her teacher introduced the steps for analyzing a speech.During class students practiced the skill and got feedback from the teacher to help them perform the skill with competence.Now Miranda needs to teach herself and catch up with the rest of the class.This self-regulated learning will involve all of the following factors EXCEPT:

Accepted Answer

Efficacy, or self-efficacy, refers to one's belief in their ability to succeed in specific situations or accomplish a task. While it can influence motivation and the approach to learning, it is not a direct factor in the process of self-regulated learning, which primarily involves knowledge (understanding what needs to be learned), motivation (the drive to learn), and volition (the willpower to persist in learning).

Question 11

Alan's art project is due tomorrow.He and all other fifth graders in his school have the opportunity to submit drawings,and one of them will be chosen as the yearbook cover.Alan loves to draw and wants his picture to be chosen.He knows his idea is good and that he has the drawing skills to submit one of the best drawings,but he keeps playing his video game.What is lacking in Alan's case?

Accepted Answer

Alan has the skills and knowledge but is not taking action to complete his drawing, indicating a lack of volition, which is the willpower or determination to act.

Question 12

A few days ago,Mr.McKay worked with students to develop a rubric for assessing their projects in the historical fiction unit.The class has worked on the unit for more than a week,and students know the expectations for their projects.Today Mr.McKay paired students to work together and review their work using the rubric as a guide.This scenario is an example of:

Accepted Answer

Mr. McKay's behavior demonstrates shared regulation, where he is encouraging students to work together to review their work using the rubric as a guide. This encourages collaboration and feedback among the students, promoting a shared understanding of the criteria whereby they will be assessed.

Question 13

Which of the following procedures is most closely associated with cognitive behavior modification?

Accepted Answer

Cognitive behavior modification focuses on changing a student's thoughts and self-talk in order to improve behavior. Therefore, the choice that involves changing behavior through self-talk is the most closely associated with this approach. Choices A, B, and C involve external rewards or punishments and do not necessarily address the student's internal cognitive processes.

Question 14

Six-year-old Ana saw her big brother take cookies from the cookie jar without permission.He didn't get caught or scolded.Ana decided she wanted cookies too and copied her brother's behavior.The children's mother has told them to ask before getting cookies,but they took cookies without asking.Based on triarchic reciprocal causality,what three kinds of influences are working together to explain Ana's behavior?

Accepted Answer

Triarchic reciprocal causality suggests that behavior is influenced by personal factors, environmental factors, and behavioral factors. In this scenario, Ana's behavior is influenced by her personal decision to copy her brother's behavior, the environmental influence of seeing her brother take cookies without consequences, and the behavioral influence of not following her mother's rule to ask before taking cookies. Therefore, choice C, personal, environmental, and behavioral factors, is the best answer.

Question 15

Ms.Porter is the favorite teacher of tenth grader Alejandro.During today's writing assignment,she reminds him how well he did on the previous essay and helps him set goals for each step of the new writing task.She assures him that he can succeed with this essay.This is an example of:

Accepted Answer

Ms. Porter's actions of reminding Alejandro of his previous success and helping him set goals for the new task while assuring him of his ability to succeed is an example of social persuasion, which is a way of influencing behavior by providing encouragement, support, and positive feedback.

Question 16

Ms.Moreno uses observation learning effectively in her fifth grade classroom.She most likely does all of the following EXCEPT:

Accepted Answer

The other choices all involve ways in which Ms. Moreno uses observation learning effectively, but there is no mention of rewarding students privately for their positive behaviors in the text.

Question 17

Mr.Zimmer wants to discourage Mario's disruptive behavior.Mario often drums his pencil on his desk while Mr.Zimmer is reading aloud to the class.Based on social cognitive theory,which of the following is most likely to help Mr.Zimmer reach his goal?

Accepted Answer

According to social cognitive theory, individuals learn behaviors by observing the consequences of those behaviors for others. If Mr. Zimmer punishes Mario's friend Carlos for making disruptive noises, Mario may learn that he too will be punished if he continues to disrupt the class. This could increase the likelihood that Mario will stop drumming his pencil on his desk during reading time. Option C is the best choice as it provides an opportunity for observational learning and has a higher likelihood of achieving the desired outcome. The other options (A, B, and D) either do not address the behavior or may have unintended consequences.

Question 18

Mrs.Hernandez wants to help her fourth grade students improve their performance and increase their self-efficacy for conveying emotion in their personal narrative writing.With this goal in mind,she is most likely to:

Accepted Answer

Setting short-term goals related to the task will allow students to see progress quickly and increase their self-efficacy in conveying emotion in their personal narrative writing. This approach also allows for ongoing feedback and adjustment as needed. Long-term goals may not be as effective in this case because they can be overwhelming and not provide immediate feedback. Giving rewards for engagement may provide motivation initially but may not be as effective in the long-term. Integrating the task with other writing skills may not be as focused on the specific goal of improving emotion conveyance.

Question 19

Jimar is a six-year-old African American boy who wants to learn how to dribble a basketball and do it so well that his eight-year-old brother can't steal the ball from him when he runs up the driveway to shoot a basket.Observational learning is a good way for him to begin to reach his goal.Which of the following people is probably the best model for him?

Accepted Answer

Jimar's best model would be the African American high school boy who plays basketball better than other kids in the neighborhood. This is because he is closer in age to Jimar, shares the same race, and is skilled in basketball. Seeing someone who looks like him and is skilled in the same activity he wants to learn will motivate Jimar and make him more confident in his ability to learn the skill. The other models may still be helpful, but may not have the same impact as someone who is a similar age and race.

Question 20

In the self-regulated learning model (the cycle of self-regulated learning,Winne and Hadwin model),what stage follows the stage of analyzing the learning task?

Accepted Answer

The stage that follows analyzing the learning task is setting goals and devising plans. This involves setting specific, measurable, achievable, relevant, and time-bound (SMART) goals and creating a plan of action that will enable the learner to achieve those goals. Analyzing the learning task provides the learner with the necessary information to set appropriate goals and devise an effective plan. Therefore, the best choice is B.

Quiz 11: Social Cognitive Views of Learning and Motivation