Question 1

Compared to African Americans, white Americans are:

Accepted Answer

The answer of Compared to African Americans, white Americans are:
...

Question 2

After a couple divorced, you learn that one of them is suffering from depression. MOST likely:

Accepted Answer

It is most likely that the depression stemmed from the troubled marriage that led to the divorce. Divorce is a significant life event that can trigger or exacerbate mental health issues, including depression. However, the underlying issues that caused the divorce were likely present before the divorce occurred, and may have contributed to the development of depression in one or both partners.

Question 3

A woman in a middle-level manager's job is repeatedly not promoted, no matter how hard she tries, even though she seems as qualified as the men who are promoted. If she develops depression as a result of her work experiences, the theory that BEST explains the onset of her depression is:

Accepted Answer

The lack-of-control theory suggests that feeling a lack of control over one's environment can lead to feelings of helplessness and ultimately depression. In this scenario, the woman's repeated failure to be promoted despite her efforts could lead her to feel like she has no control over her career advancement, which could cause her to become depressed. The other theories (artifact theory, hormone theory, cognitive triad theory) do not directly address the issue of lack of control.

Question 4

If a study demonstrated that depression is caused by concerns about one's weight, that finding would provide strong evidence:

Accepted Answer

The finding that depression is caused by concerns about one's weight supports the body dissatisfaction explanation, which proposes that negative body image and dissatisfaction with one's appearance can lead to depression.

Question 5

In the United States, the highest depression rate is found in:

Accepted Answer

The answer of In the United States, the highest depression...

Question 6

Darius thinks that his poor performance in math was due to a bad teacher. He also believes that he is good in language-based subjects. Darius is sure that he will do better in math next year. This is an example of:

Accepted Answer

Darius attributes his poor performance to an external factor (the teacher), believes his skills are specific to language-based subjects (specific), and thinks he will improve in math next year (unstable).

Question 7

Pierre feels terrible. He is sad, tired, and depressed, but he refuses to show it. This is consistent with the:

Accepted Answer

The artifact theory suggests that people hide their true feelings and emotions in order to present a specific image or impression to others. Pierre's behavior of refusing to show his sad and depressed feelings is an example of this theory.

Question 8

Which statement is accurate regarding current theories on gender differences in relation to depression?

Accepted Answer

Current theories on gender differences in relation to depression all have some empirical support, but none can fully explain all the research findings. There is ongoing debate and refining of these theories.

Question 9

The type of clinician who would be MOST likely to say, "Tell me about the quality of mutual support you receive from your marriage," is a:

Accepted Answer

A sociocultural clinician focuses on the influence of social and cultural factors on an individual's behavior and mental processes, including the quality of relationships and mutual support in a marriage.

Question 10

The DSM-5 has added premenstrual dysphoric disorder (PMDD) as a diagnosis given to certain women who repeatedly experience clinically significant depressive and related symptoms during the week before menstruation. Why has this been an ongoing controversy?

Accepted Answer

The controversy surrounding PMDD revolves around the concern that it pathologizes severe premenstrual symptoms, which may be a normal part of the menstrual cycle for some women. There have also been debates about whether the criteria for the diagnosis are too broad and may lead to overdiagnosis. However, there has been significant research on PMDD, indicating that it is a valid diagnosis for some women.

Question 11

Artifact theory differs importantly from other sociocultural theories of depression because it suggests:

Accepted Answer

Artifact theory posits that apparent differences in depression rates between genders are not due to actual differences in depression incidence but rather to biases and errors in how depression is reported, diagnosed, or recorded. This suggests that women and men are equally likely to develop depression, but differences observed in studies may be due to artifacts of measurement rather than true differences in prevalence.

Question 12

"Depressed people show an internal/global/stable pattern of attribution on a questionnaire." Which theoretical orientation does this research finding support?

Accepted Answer

This research finding supports the cognitive theoretical orientation, which emphasizes the role of thoughts and beliefs in shaping our experiences and behaviors. Specifically, the pattern of internal (attributing causes to oneself), global (attributing causes to all areas of life), and stable (attributing causes as unchanging over time) attributions is consistent with the cognitive triad of depression, which suggests that individuals with depression tend to have negative views of themselves, the world, and the future.

Question 13

Depression is more common in women because they experience more taxing life situations, such as poverty and menial jobs, than men. This is the:

Accepted Answer

The life-stress theory suggests that women are more likely to experience depression due to the significant life stressors they face, such as poverty and low-paying jobs, compared to men.

Question 14

Someone receiving treatment for depression periodically completes an Attributional Style Questionnaire, which is designed to measure the therapy's effectiveness. The theoretical orientation of the therapist is MOST likely:

Accepted Answer

The Attributional Style Questionnaire measures the individual's cognitive patterns and beliefs about the causes of events in their lives. A therapist who focuses on helping the individual change their negative thought patterns and beliefs is most likely to have a cognitive orientation. Psychodynamic therapists would focus more on the unconscious conflicts and unresolved issues from the past. Behavioral therapists would focus more on changing behavior through reinforcement and shaping. Sociocultural therapists would focus more on the impact of culture and social factors on the individual's depression.

Question 15

One who looks at the influence of race, living conditions, marital status, and roles on the development of depression would MOST likely represent which theoretical orientation?

Accepted Answer

The sociocultural orientation emphasizes the impact of cultural, social, and environmental factors on psychological functioning, including the influence of race, living conditions, marital status, and roles on the development of depression.

Question 16

Which of these people is MOST likely to be diagnosed with depression?

Accepted Answer

The answer of Which of these people is MOST likely...

Question 17

A young woman believes that everything negative that happens to her is her own fault, that she ruins everything, and that she always will. The therapist diagnoses her as suffering from a learned helplessness-induced depression because she attributes negative events in her life to:

Accepted Answer

The young woman is attributing negative events in her life to internal (herself), global (everything), and stable (always) factors, which is consistent with the explanatory style associated with learned helplessness-induced depression. Option A is the only choice that includes all three of these factors. Options B and D both include specific factors, which the young woman is not attributing the negative events to. Option C includes an unstable factor which is not consistent with the stable nature of her self-blaming attributions.

Question 18

The clinician who would be MOST likely to ask "Do you believe you will always feel like this in all situations?" is a:

Accepted Answer

The question "Do you believe you will always feel like this in all situations?" reflects a cognitive approach, as it is focused on an individual's beliefs and thought patterns. It is particularly relevant to cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT), which emphasizes identifying and challenging negative or dysfunctional thoughts that contribute to emotional distress.

Question 19

Which theoretical orientation would support the finding that Westerners experience more psychological symptoms of depression than do others around the world?

Accepted Answer

The sociocultural theoretical orientation emphasizes the influence of cultural, social, and economic factors on mental health. This finding suggests that Western culture and society may have unique stressors and pressures that contribute to higher rates of psychological symptoms of depression compared to other cultures. Other theoretical orientations, such as the biochemical, cognitive, or psychoanalytic, may focus on individual or biological factors and may not consider the cultural and societal influences on mental health as heavily.

Question 20

Which statement is NOT generally accurate regarding gender and depression?

Accepted Answer

Research generally shows that men and women can respond equally well to therapy for depression, and there is no consistent evidence that men respond less successfully to treatment.

Quiz 7: Depressive and Bipolar Disorders