Question 1

Which theory explains drug-seeking behavior as led by a rewarding effect that makes using again more likely?
A) operant conditioning
B) learned helplessness
C) synergistic theory
D) opponent-process theory

Accepted Answer

Operant conditioning is the theory that explains drug-seeking behavior as led by a rewarding effect that makes using again more likely. It suggests that behaviors that are rewarded are more likely to be repeated. In the case of drug use, the rewarding effects of drug use (such as euphoria) can lead to an increased likelihood of future drug-seeking behavior.

Question 2

The combined impact of different drugs multiplying or potentiating each other's effects is known as the _____ effect.
A) cross-tolerance
B) synergistic
C) potentiation
D) double bind

Accepted Answer

Synergistic effect refers to the combined impact of different drugs multiplying or potentiating each other's effects. Cross-tolerance is the reduced sensitivity to a drug as a result of tolerance developed to a different drug. Potentiation is the enhancement of the effects of a drug due to the interaction with another drug or substance. Double bind refers to a situation in which a person is confronted by two irreconcilable demands or a situation with no clear way to resolve it.

Question 3

Which category of drug is often given to patients in detoxification to reduce severe alcohol withdrawal reactions such as delirium tremens and seizures?
A) antianxiety drugs
B) sedatives
C) antidepressant drugs
D) antipsychotic drugs

Accepted Answer

Antianxiety drugs, specifically benzodiazepines, are often used to manage alcohol withdrawal symptoms, including delirium tremens and seizures, due to their sedative and anticonvulsant properties.

Question 4

_____ is often given to people who are trying to stop consuming alcohol.
A) Methadone
B) Naloxone
C) Disulfiram
D) The alcohol patch

Accepted Answer

Disulfiram is a medication used to support the treatment of alcoholism by producing an acute sensitivity to alcohol. It works by blocking the enzyme acetaldehyde dehydrogenase, which helps break down alcohol in the body. This leads to a buildup of acetaldehyde, causing unpleasant symptoms such as flushing, headache, nausea, and vomiting. The goal is to deter individuals from drinking alcohol due to the uncomfortable reaction they will experience.

Question 5

Which drug has gained a reputation as being the drug of choice for all-night techno-dance parties?
A) cocaine
B) heroin
C) MDMA
D) marijuana

Accepted Answer

MDMA, also known as ecstasy, has gained a reputation as being the drug of choice for all-night techno-dance parties because it can increase feelings of euphoria, energy, and sociability, as well as enhance music appreciation and sensory experiences. However, it also carries significant risks, including dehydration, overheating, cognitive impairment, and potential long-term neurological and psychological effects. It is important to note that taking any illegal drugs is unsafe and illegal.

Question 6

What is the most immediate danger of heroin use?
A) delirium tremens
B) overdose
C) being arrested
D) methadone toxicity

Accepted Answer

The most immediate danger of heroin use is overdose, which can result in respiratory depression or arrest and death. Delirium tremens is a complication of alcohol withdrawal, not heroin use. Being arrested is a social or legal consequence of drug use, not a direct danger of heroin use. Methadone toxicity is a potential complication of using methadone as a medication-assisted treatment for opioid addiction, and not a direct danger of heroin use.

Question 7

Sometimes two or more drugs are so similar in their actions on the brain and the body that as people build a tolerance for one drug, they are simultaneously developing a tolerance for the other. This is known as:
A) synergism.
B) polysubstance disorder.
C) cross-tolerance.
D) comorbidity.

Accepted Answer

Cross-tolerance occurs when two or more drugs have a similar effect on the brain and body, and repeated use of one drug leads to a tolerance to the others as well. This can increase the risk of addiction and overdose, as individuals may take higher doses of multiple drugs in an attempt to achieve the desired effects. Synergism refers to when the combined effects of two or more drugs are greater than their individual effects, leading to potentially dangerous outcomes. Polysubstance disorder and comorbidity refer to the presence of multiple disorders or conditions in an individual, and are not specific to drug tolerance.

Question 8

When different drugs are in the body at the same time, the combined effect can be greater than when each drug is taken alone. This is called a(n):
A) antagonistic action.
B) polysubstance rush.
C) pharmacological potentiation.
D) synergistic effect.

Accepted Answer

The term that best describes the combined effect of different drugs in the body is a synergistic effect. This occurs when the interaction between the drugs results in a greater effect than expected, which can be dangerous and potentially life-threatening. Antagonistic action is the opposite effect, where one drug decreases the effect of another. Polysubstance rush refers to the rush or high that can occur when multiple drugs are taken at the same time. Pharmacological potentiation refers to when one drug enhances the effect of another by affecting the way it is metabolized or absorbed in the body. However, while all of these terms can refer to the effects of multiple drugs in the body, synergistic effect is the best choice in this context.

Question 9

Methadone is a(n):
A) depressant.
B) stimulant.
C) sedative.
D) opioid.

Accepted Answer

Methadone is an opioid medication that is primarily used to treat opioid addiction or relieve pain. It works by binding to the same receptors in the brain that opioids like heroin or prescription painkillers bind to, but it does not produce the same intense "high" or euphoria. Instead, it can help to reduce cravings and withdrawal symptoms in people who are addicted to opioids.

Question 10

Drugs that attach to endorphin receptor sites and make it impossible for opioids to have their usual effect are known as:
A) detoxifiers.
B) agonist drugs.
C) narcotic antagonist.
D) benzodiazepines.

Accepted Answer

Drugs that attach to endorphin receptor sites and make it impossible for opioids to have their usual effect are known as narcotic antagonists. Detoxifiers are substances that aid in the removal of toxins from the body, agonist drugs activate specific receptors in the brain, and benzodiazepines are a type of sedative drug. Only option C fits the description provided.

Question 11

_____ is the world's most widely used stimulant.
A) Nicotine
B) Dextroamphetamine
C) Caffeine
D) Cocaine

Accepted Answer

Caffeine is the most widely used stimulant in the world. It is found in coffee, tea, soda, energy drinks, and some medications. While nicotine and cocaine are also stimulants, they are not as widely used as caffeine. Dextroamphetamine is a prescription stimulant used to treat ADHD and narcolepsy, but it is not as commonly used as caffeine.

Question 12

Some _____ theorists believe that people can control their drinking by drinking in moderation rather than engaging in strict abstinence.
A) cognitive-behavioral
B) psychodynamic
C) biological
D) sociocultural

Accepted Answer

Cognitive-behavioral theorists focus on changing problematic behaviors through cognitive restructuring and behavior modification techniques. In the case of alcohol use, they may teach individuals to identify triggers and develop coping strategies to manage cravings and urges to drink. They may also help individuals set drinking goals, such as moderating their alcohol intake rather than abstaining completely. Other theoretical perspectives, such as psychodynamic or biological, may not support the idea that moderate drinking is a viable option for those struggling with alcohol use. The sociocultural perspective focuses on how cultural norms and values influence drinking behavior, rather than offering specific strategies for controlling drinking.

Question 13

Behavioral interventions for substance abuse and dependence:
A) are generally successful.
B) are rarely successful.
C) have had the most success when they are the sole form of treatment.
D) work best in combination with either biological or cognitive approaches.

Accepted Answer

Behavioral interventions for substance abuse and dependence work best in combination with either biological or cognitive approaches. Combining behavioral interventions with medication (a biological approach) or cognitive-behavioral therapy (a cognitive approach) has shown the most success in treating substance abuse and dependence. While behavioral interventions alone can have some success, using a combination of approaches is typically more effective.

Question 14

Chronic and excessive use of alcohol or benzodiazepines may lower the brain's production of:
A) endorphins.
B) dopamine.
C) GABA.
D) anandamides.

Accepted Answer

Chronic and excessive use of alcohol or benzodiazepines may lower the brain's production of GABA.

Question 15

Regular use of opioids may reduce the brain's production of:
A) dopamine.
B) anandamides.
C) endorphins.
D) GABA.

Accepted Answer

Regular use of opioids can lead to a reduction in the production of endorphins, which are naturally produced by the body to block pain and induce feelings of pleasure and well-being. This can result in a vicious cycle where the brain becomes dependent on external sources of opioids to achieve the same level of pain relief and pleasure.

Question 16

Which method of ingesting a substance produces the fastest effect on the brain?
A) chewing
B) injecting
C) snorting
D) inhaling

Accepted Answer

Inhaling a substance allows it to reach the brain very quickly because it enters the bloodstream through the lungs and travels directly to the brain, often within seconds.

Question 17

Which statement is not a sociocultural explanation for the cause of substance disorders?
A) Living in a low socioeconomic class contributes to substance abuse.
B) Regions with higher levels of unemployment have higher rates of alcoholism.
C) Substance use and dependence are more likely to appear in families in which substance use is valued or at least accepted.
D) Children whose needs are not met by parents grow up depending on others for comfort, and this may develop into a dependent relationship with a substance.

Accepted Answer

This statement focuses on a psychological explanation rather than a sociocultural one.

Question 18

Which drug treatment approach makes incentives (such as program privileges) dependent on the submission of drug-free urine specimens?
A) relapse prevention
B) contingency management
C) covert sensitization
D) behavioral self-control training (BSCT)

Accepted Answer

Contingency management is an approach that involves providing rewards or incentives for desired behaviors, such as submitting drug-free urine specimens. This approach has been found to be effective in promoting drug abstinence in individuals with substance use disorders. Relapse prevention focuses on identifying and managing triggers for drug use, while covert sensitization involves associating negative consequences with drug use. Behavioral self-control training (BSCT) is a cognitive-behavioral therapy that focuses on teaching individuals strategies for managing cravings and maintaining control over their behavior.

Question 19

Which term is applied to an individual who demonstrates a pattern of maladaptive behaviors and reactions brought about by a repeated use of a substance?
A) substance intoxication
B) substance use disorder
C) substance abuse
D) substance overdose

Accepted Answer

Substance use disorder is the term used to describe an individual who demonstrates a pattern of maladaptive behaviors and reactions brought about by a repeated use of a substance. Substance intoxication refers to the acute effects of a substance, substance abuse is a less severe form of substance use disorder, and substance overdose refers to a dangerous and potentially deadly level of substance consumption.

Question 20

Aversion therapy has been mainly used in the treatment of _____ use disorder.
A) alcohol
B) heroin
C) cocaine
D) nicotine

Accepted Answer

Aversion therapy is a type of behavioral therapy that aims to make the patient avoid certain behaviors or substances by creating a negative association with them. It has been most commonly used in the treatment of alcohol use disorder, although it can also be used for other substance use disorders such as nicotine, cocaine, or heroin. However, research has shown that it is most effective when used in combination with other forms of therapy, such as cognitive-behavioral therapy or pharmacological treatments.

Quiz 12: Substance Use and Addictive Disorders

Which theory explains drug-seeking behavior as led by a rewarding effect that makes using again more likely?

The combined impact of different drugs multiplying or potentiating each other's effects is known as the _____ effect.

Which category of drug is often given to patients in detoxification to reduce severe alcohol withdrawal reactions such as delirium tremens and seizures?

_____ is often given to people who are trying to stop consuming alcohol.

Which drug has gained a reputation as being the drug of choice for all-night techno-dance parties?

What is the most immediate danger of heroin use?

Sometimes two or more drugs are so similar in their actions on the brain and the body that as people build a tolerance for one drug, they are simultaneously developing a tolerance for the other. This is known as:

When different drugs are in the body at the same time, the combined effect can be greater than when each drug is taken alone. This is called a(n) :

Methadone is a(n) :

Drugs that attach to endorphin receptor sites and make it impossible for opioids to have their usual effect are known as:

_____ is the world's most widely used stimulant.

Some _____ theorists believe that people can control their drinking by drinking in moderation rather than engaging in strict abstinence.

Behavioral interventions for substance abuse and dependence:

Chronic and excessive use of alcohol or benzodiazepines may lower the brain's production of:

Regular use of opioids may reduce the brain's production of:

Which method of ingesting a substance produces the fastest effect on the brain?

Which statement is not a sociocultural explanation for the cause of substance disorders?

Which drug treatment approach makes incentives (such as program privileges) dependent on the submission of drug-free urine specimens?

Which term is applied to an individual who demonstrates a pattern of maladaptive behaviors and reactions brought about by a repeated use of a substance?

Aversion therapy has been mainly used in the treatment of _____ use disorder.