Question 1

It's Thanksgiving and the whole family has gotten together.You start to reminisce about your childhood and get into an argument with your brother.Both of you claim that you were the innocent victim of the other.This is an example of _________.
A)constructive processing
B)hindsight bias
C)adaptation of memory traces
D)flashbulb integration

Accepted Answer

The answer of It's Thanksgiving and the whole family has...

Question 2

Which of these individuals is the most typical person involved in a case in which memories of past childhood abuse are recalled later in life?
A)thirty-year-old Charlotte,who sought therapy for anxiety,depression,and recent weight gain with a therapist who uses hypnosis
B)thirty-year-old Steve,who sought therapy for symptoms that developed after serving in Desert Storm
C)ten-year-old Willard,who was referred by a pediatrician for symptoms that appear to meet the diagnostic criteria for hyperactivity
D)fifty-year-old Agnes,who fell,hit her head,and suddenly began remembering that her brother abused her sexually when she was eight years old

Accepted Answer

The answer of Which of these individuals is the most...

Question 3

As memories get older,they are most likely _________.
A)to get lost
B)to become stronger,more accurate,and more vivid
C)to be regarded as unreliable by the person using them
D)to become changed or altered in some fashion

Accepted Answer

As memories age, they are more susceptible to being altered or distorted due to various factors such as new experiences, reinterpretation, or the influence of other information.

Question 4

In the curve of forgetting developed by Ebbinghaus,the greatest amount of forgetting occurs _________.
A)within the first hour after learning new material
B)within the first day after learning new material
C)near the end of the retrieval period
D)near the middle of the retrieval period

Accepted Answer

The answer of In the curve of forgetting developed by...

Question 5

Your teacher has given each student the name of a key figure in the history of psychology.The assignment is to describe at least one significant contribution made by this person.If your historical figure is Hermann Ebbinghaus,what contribution might you describe to the class?
A)He described the limits of sensory storage.
B)He discovered the parts of the brain responsible for processing memories.
C)He created nonsense syllables in order to study memory in a "pure" form.
D)He developed a series of memory aids that is still used by students today.

Accepted Answer

Hermann Ebbinghaus created nonsense syllables as a way to study memory in a "pure" form. He memorized and then tried to recall series of these nonsense syllables, leading to the discovery of the forgetting curve and the idea that we forget most information we initially learn very quickly. This work formed the basis of the scientific study of memory.

Question 6

Your memory of the moment you heard about the planes crashing into New York's Twin Towers on September 11,2001 would be most appropriately termed a(n)_________ memory.
A)episodic
B)autobiographical
C)flashbulb
D)repressed

Accepted Answer

Flashbulb memories are vivid memories of significant, emotion-provoking events, like hearing about the 9/11 attacks. These memories are usually very accurate, but they can also be influenced by individual biases and external factors.

Question 7

Pezdek and colleagues found that for a person to interpret thoughts and fantasies about false events as true memories,_________.
A)the event must seem as vivid as possible
B)the person must believe in hypnosis
C)they must be plausible
D)they must hear about the event several times

Accepted Answer

Pezdek and colleagues found that plausibility is a key factor in a person interpreting thoughts and fantasies about false events as true memories.

Question 8

Based on the Loftus,et al.(1978)study,subjects viewed a slide presentation of an accident,and some of the subjects were asked a question about a blue car,when the actual slides contained pictures of a green car.When these same subjects were asked about the color of the car at the accident,they were found to be confused.This is an example of the _________.
A)instant replay effect
B)constructive processing effect
C)levels-of-processing effect
D)misinformation effect

Accepted Answer

This is an example of the misinformation effect, as the question about the blue car introduced false information that later affected the subjects' recall of the car's color. The instant replay effect relates to the impact of repeated exposure to an event on memory. The constructive processing effect refers to the way that memories are influenced by our personal interpretations and biases. The levels-of-processing effect relates to the idea that the depth and complexity of processing involved in encoding information affects how well we remember it.

Question 9

What type of stimuli did Hermann Ebbinghaus use in his memory experiments?
A)words
B)numbers
C)pictures
D)nonsense syllables

Accepted Answer

Hermann Ebbinghaus used nonsense syllables, which are meaningless combinations of letters, such as "WID" or "ZOF," in his memory experiments. This allowed him to control for the influence of existing knowledge or associations on memory performance, and focus specifically on the processes of learning and retention.

Question 10

A.R.Luria studied an individual with phenomenal memory.This person was a _________.
A)gestaltiker
B)hypnotist
C)child prodigy
D)mnemonist

Accepted Answer

A.R. Luria studied an individual with exceptional memory capacity, referred to as a mnemonist. Mnemonists have a unique ability to recall vast amounts of information, far exceeding typical memory abilities.

Question 11

In this view,memories are literally "built" from the pieces stored away at encoding.This view is called _________.
A)constructive processing
B)hindsight bias
C)adaptation of memory traces
D)flashbulb integration

Accepted Answer

The view that memories are literally "built" from the pieces stored away at encoding is known as constructive processing. This means that memories are not just retrieved as a whole, but rather are reconstructed based on bits and pieces of information stored in the brain.

Question 12

Researchers using MRI scanning have found that _________.
A)false memories of visual images and visual images of real events are processed in different brain locations
B)false memories of visual images and visual images of real events are processed in much the same way
C)they could not localize where false visual images were processed
D)they could not localize where correct or real visual images were processed

Accepted Answer

Researchers using MRI scanning have found that false memories of visual images and visual images of real events are processed in much the same way, indicating that the brain may not easily distinguish between the two.

Question 13

Retrieving information from long-term memory is done by assembling information from various brain locations in a process known as _________.
A)consolidation
B)reintegration
C)constructive processing
D)automatic processing

Accepted Answer

Retrieving information from long-term memory involves reconstructing memories from various sources in the brain. This process is known as constructive processing. Choice A (consolidation) refers to the process of strengthening and stabilizing memories after they are initially formed. Choice B (reintegration) and D (automatic processing) are not directly related to the process of retrieving information from long-term memory.

Question 14

You are invited to take part in a study by a researcher trying to replicate the work of Hermann Ebbinghaus.What might this researcher ask you to do?
A)"Write down all the words you can remember."
B)"Read this poem and then interpret its meaning."
C)"Listen to me: BEC,DAX,FER,KOJ;now repeat what I said."
D)"Listen to these sounds and write down words that come to mind."

Accepted Answer

Hermann Ebbinghaus is best known for his work on memory and his theory of the forgetting curve. He is famous for using nonsense syllables (such as BEC, DAX, FER, KOJ) to study memory. Therefore, the researcher in this case would likely ask participants to listen to a list of nonsense syllables and then try to recall them to replicate Ebbinghaus's work.

Question 15

A.R.Luria studied a mnemonist with phenomenal memory.This person had several problems associated with the ability.Which was one was reported in your textbook?
A)repressed memory syndrome
B)tip-of-the-tongue aphasia
C)separating trivial from important memories
D)cognitive penetrance

Accepted Answer

The answer of A.R.Luria studied a mnemonist with phenomenal memory.This...

Question 16

Ebbinghaus found that information is forgotten _________.
A)more rapidly as time goes by
B)gradually at first,then with increasing speed
C)quickly at first,then tapers off gradually
D)most quickly one day after learning

Accepted Answer

Ebbinghaus's research on memory and forgetting showed that information is forgotten quickly at first, but the rate of forgetting slows down over time. This is represented by the forgetting curve, which illustrates how memory retention decreases over time in a curve that initially drops sharply and then levels off.

Question 17

Which of the following statements about flashbulb memories is true?
A)Flashbulb memories tend to be about as accurate as other types of memories.
B)People feel unconfident about their recall of flashbulb memories.
C)A major news event automatically causes a person to store a flashbulb memory.
D)Your memory of how you felt at the onset of a flashbulb memory rarely changes over time.

Accepted Answer

While flashbulb memories are highly vivid and emotionally charged, studies have shown that they are not necessarily more accurate than other types of memories. In fact, they can be just as susceptible to distortion and forgetting over time.

Question 18

Which technique is most widely used by therapists to help clients recover lost childhood memories?
A)hypnosis
B)"truth" serum
C)Gestalt therapy
D)electroconvulsive therapy

Accepted Answer

Hypnosis is the most widely used technique by therapists to help clients recover lost childhood memories. While there is controversy surrounding the validity of such memories, hypnosis has been shown to be an effective tool in accessing repressed memories for some individuals. Other techniques, such as "truth" serum and electroconvulsive therapy, are not typically used for this purpose as they are not effective or ethical. Gestalt therapy may help clients explore and gain insight into their past experiences, but it is not specifically designed to aid in memory recovery.

Question 19

Rochelle remembered getting "B's" in her English lit classes in college.But years later,when she applied for a job and took out her transcript,she was shocked to find that she had actually gotten "C-" grades.She then started telling everyone she remembers being a pretty poor student.Her erratic memory of her mediocre performance is most likely due to _________.
A)her poor memory
B)hindsight bias
C)consolidation
D)eidetic imagery

Accepted Answer

Hindsight bias refers to a tendency for people to remember past events as being more predictable than they actually were. In this case, Rochelle's memory of her grades is influenced by hindsight bias, causing her to remember her performance as being worse than it actually was.

Question 20

For which famous memory researcher is memory a problem-solving activity in which the problem is to give a coherent account of some past event,and the memory is the solution to that problem?
A)Bartlett
B)Meyer
C)Ebbinghaus
D)Skinner

Accepted Answer

This definition of memory comes from the work of Frederic Bartlett, a famous memory researcher known for his studies on how memory is constructed and influenced by cultural and personal factors. He described memory as a process of 'reconstructing' past events, where the individual uses their prior knowledge and experiences to create a coherent account of what happened. This view of memory as a problem-solving activity contrasts with earlier views of memory as a passive and static 'storage' of information.

Quiz 6: Memory

It's Thanksgiving and the whole family has gotten together.You start to reminisce about your childhood and get into an argument with your brother.Both of you claim that you were the innocent victim of the other.This is an example of _________.

Which of these individuals is the most typical person involved in a case in which memories of past childhood abuse are recalled later in life?

As memories get older,they are most likely _________.

In the curve of forgetting developed by Ebbinghaus,the greatest amount of forgetting occurs _________.

Your teacher has given each student the name of a key figure in the history of psychology.The assignment is to describe at least one significant contribution made by this person.If your historical figure is Hermann Ebbinghaus,what contribution might you describe to the class?

Your memory of the moment you heard about the planes crashing into New York's Twin Towers on September 11,2001 would be most appropriately termed a(n) _________ memory.

Pezdek and colleagues found that for a person to interpret thoughts and fantasies about false events as true memories,_________.

What type of stimuli did Hermann Ebbinghaus use in his memory experiments?

A.R.Luria studied an individual with phenomenal memory.This person was a _________.

In this view,memories are literally "built" from the pieces stored away at encoding.This view is called _________.

Researchers using MRI scanning have found that _________.

Retrieving information from long-term memory is done by assembling information from various brain locations in a process known as _________.

You are invited to take part in a study by a researcher trying to replicate the work of Hermann Ebbinghaus.What might this researcher ask you to do?

A.R.Luria studied a mnemonist with phenomenal memory.This person had several problems associated with the ability.Which was one was reported in your textbook?

Ebbinghaus found that information is forgotten _________.

Which of the following statements about flashbulb memories is true?

Which technique is most widely used by therapists to help clients recover lost childhood memories?

For which famous memory researcher is memory a problem-solving activity in which the problem is to give a coherent account of some past event,and the memory is the solution to that problem?