Question 1

Exemplar theory is more comprehensive than prototype theory because it:

Accepted Answer

Exemplar theory takes into account both prototypical instances and specific instances of categories, whereas prototype theory only compares individual objects to a prototype. Therefore, option D is correct. Options A and B are incorrect because they do not acknowledge the full scope of exemplar theory. Option C is irrelevant to the comparison between exemplar theory and prototype theory.

Question 2

Which of these constitutes a single morpheme?

Accepted Answer

"He" is a single morpheme, as it cannot be further divided into smaller meaning-bearing units.

Question 3

A carpenter suffers a stroke and now cannot recognize the difference between a saw and a plane. The carpenter MOST likely suffered damage to which area of his brain?

Accepted Answer

This region is important for visual perception and recognition of objects. Damage to this area can lead to difficulty in recognizing objects, including tools such as a saw or a plane.

Question 4

Another term for discursive reasoning is _____ reasoning.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Another term for discursive reasoning is _____...

Question 5

Hammers are used for pounding things, which is why many people don't realize that hammers make perfectly good doorstops. This lack of creative insight is an example of:

Accepted Answer

Functional fixedness is the tendency to think of an object only in terms of its typical use or function. In this case, people see hammers as tools for pounding, and struggle to see them as anything else, such as a doorstop.

Question 6

Interactionists describe language development as:

Accepted Answer

Interactionists believe that language development is a complex interplay between environmental experiences and biological influences. Children are born with an innate ability to learn language, but their experiences and interactions with caregivers and their environment shape the process of language development.

Question 7

A sentence has both _____, based on meaning, and _____, based on the wording of the sentence.

Accepted Answer

Deep structure refers to the underlying meaning behind a sentence, while surface structure refers to the way the sentence is phrased or written. Therefore, a sentence can have both deep and surface structures. Grammar, on the other hand, only relates to the way a sentence is written or phrased, so it is not a valid choice for the first blank.

Question 8

Generally speaking, humans excel on cognitive tasks that involve _____ but perform poorly on cognitive tasks that involve _____.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Generally speaking, humans excel on cognitive tasks...

Question 9

Patients with Wernicke's and Broca's aphasia provide evidence that language is:

Accepted Answer

Patients with Wernicke's and Broca's aphasia have damage to specific regions in the left hemisphere of the brain that are specialized for language processing. This suggests that language is indeed specialized within specific brain regions over time.

Question 10

Pat is 40 years old and received a Ph.D. in sociology 10 years ago. Pat specializes in issues associated with women and gender studies, publishing research in peer-reviewed journals. Which statement MOST likely describes Pat?

Accepted Answer

While it's possible for Pat to have any number of personal characteristics, the information provided in the question suggests that Pat is most likely a college professor due to having a Ph.D. and publishing research in peer-reviewed journals. The other options may or may not be true, but there is not enough information provided to determine them with certainty.

Question 11

Passive mastery is to _____ as active mastery is to _____.

Accepted Answer

Passive mastery refers to the ability to understand language, while active mastery refers to the ability to use language to speak or write. Understanding is therefore the best opposite/complement to speech, making option D the correct choice. Options A, B, and C do not accurately capture the relationship between passive and active mastery.

Question 12

The President is managing a war that is not going well. Nevertheless, he refuses to withdraw troops, arguing that doing so would waste the billions of dollars spent and thousands of lives lost fighting the war. The President's line of reasoning illustrates:

Accepted Answer

The President's argument is based on the sunk-cost fallacy, which refers to the tendency to continue investing in a project or decision because of the resources already invested, rather than considering the future costs and benefits. In this case, the President is ignoring the ongoing costs of the war, including the loss of lives and resources, and is instead focusing on the past costs.

Question 13

In the German language, the sound "ts" is a:

Accepted Answer

The sound "ts" is a phoneme in the German language because it represents a distinct sound that can change the meaning of a word when replaced with another phoneme. For example, the difference between the words "Katze" (cat) and "Karte" (map) is the phoneme "ts" in the former and "rt" in the latter.

Question 14

Which of these is an example of telegraphic speech?

Accepted Answer

Telegraphic speech is a type of speech where only essential words are used to convey meaning. In option C, "Daddy drives car," only essential words are used and non-essential words (like "the" or "a") are left out, making it an example of telegraphic speech. The other options include non-essential words and phrases, making them less likely to be examples of telegraphic speech.

Question 15

The basis of means-ends analysis, as a problem-solving technique, is to:

Accepted Answer

Means-ends analysis involves identifying the differences between the current state and the desired goal, and then finding ways to reduce those differences by taking steps towards the goal. This process can involve breaking down the problem into smaller sub-problems, generating potential solutions, and selecting actions to move closer to the goal state. Rewording problems into heuristics or algorithms is not the primary goal of means-ends analysis. Persisting in problem-solving without a clear plan or method is also not an effective approach.

Quiz 9: Section 5: Language and Thought