Question 1

_____ suggested that people view the social world from different perspectives due to the application of different personal constructs.
A)George Kelly
B)Walter Mischel
C)Todd Feinberg
D)Hazel Markus

Accepted Answer

George Kelly's personal construct theory suggests that individuals use their unique set of personal constructs to interpret and make sense of the social world, which can lead to different perspectives and behaviors.

Question 2

People who feel that they are being pulled around like a puppet on a string by all of life's responsibilities probably have a(n)_____ locus of control.
A)internal
B)external
C)positive
D)negative

Accepted Answer

People with an external locus of control believe that external factors such as fate, luck, or other people have control over their lives. They feel that their actions have little impact and that they are at the mercy of external circumstances. This can lead to a feeling of being overwhelmed by responsibilities and feeling like they have no control over their own lives.

Question 3

When her roommate asked Connie why she wasn't studying for a big test scheduled for the next day,Connie replied,"It doesn't make any difference whether I study or not.I just know I'll make a low grade because I have such bad luck." It is likely that Connie has a(n):
A)positive sense of personal constructs.
B)negative sense of personal constructs.
C)internal locus of control.
D)external locus of control.

Accepted Answer

Connie attributes her potential failure not to her actions (like not studying) but to external factors (bad luck), which is indicative of an external locus of control.

Question 4

Social-cognitive personality psychologists believe that differences in personal constructs:
A)give rise to the differences in behavior commonly seen in powerful situations.
B)cause people to behave differently in the same situation.
C)are largely genetically based.
D)break down into five different dimensions.

Accepted Answer

Social-cognitive personality psychologists believe that differences in personal constructs, which are individual schemas or mental frameworks that people use to understand and interpret the world around them, can lead to differences in behavior even in the same situation. This is because people assign different meanings to the same stimuli based on their unique personal constructs. Therefore, B is the best choice. A, C, and D are inaccurate; personal constructs are not specifically associated with powerful situations, they are not largely genetically based, and they do not break down into five dimensions (which is a reference to the Big Five personality traits).

Question 5

Which statement about personality and behavior is TRUE?
A)We tend to behave according to our personalities more often than in reaction to circumstances in which we may find ourselves.
B)If we know someone's personality,it is highly likely we can predict that person's behavior across a wide variety of situations.
C)Information about both personality and situation is needed to predict behavior accurately.
D)Powerful situations,such as funerals,often reveal striking differences in personality.

Accepted Answer

While personality is a consistent factor that can influence behavior, it is important to also consider the situation in which the behavior is occurring. Different situations may elicit different responses from individuals, even if they have similar personalities. Therefore, accurate prediction of behavior requires knowledge about both personality and situation.

Question 6

People translate goals into behavior in part through:
A)implicit egotism.
B)self-esteem.
C)outcome expectancies.
D)projection.

Accepted Answer

Outcome expectancies are beliefs about the anticipated outcomes of a behavior, and people use them to translate their goals into specific behaviors. For example, if someone's goal is to lose weight, they may translate this goal into behavior by expecting that eating healthier and exercising more will lead to weight loss. Implicit egotism, self-esteem, and projection may influence goal-setting and motivation, but they are not directly involved in the process of translating goals into behavior.

Question 7

Another term George Kelly used for personal constructs was:
A)construals.
B)loci of control.
C)outcome expectancies.
D)self-concepts.

Accepted Answer

While Kelly used the term "personal constructs" to refer to the cognitive categories or mental frameworks that individuals use to interpret and make sense of their experiences, he also referred to them as "construals" in his later work. Option B refers to a different concept from social psychology, option C relates to social learning theory, and option D is a term used by various theorists to describe an individual's subjective understanding of themselves.

Question 8

According to the social-cognitive approach,dimensions people use in making sense of their experiences are called:
A)personal constructs.
B)loci of control.
C)outcome expectancies.
D)self-concepts.

Accepted Answer

Personal constructs are dimensions people use in making sense of their experiences.

Question 9

People with an internal locus of control tend to:
A)be more anxious than are others.
B)achieve more than do others.
C)have more trouble than do others in coping with stress.
D)be less likely to take credit for a personal success than are others.

Accepted Answer

People with an internal locus of control tend to believe that their efforts and choices can influence their outcomes. This belief often leads them to take more initiative, set more challenging goals, and persist longer in the face of obstacles, ultimately achieving more than those who have an external locus of control.

Question 10

Scary movies excite Ben,terrify Sarah,and bore Amy due to differences in what George Kelly termed:
A)outcome expectancies.
B)locus of control.
C)the power of the situation.
D)personal constructs.

Accepted Answer

The differences in how Ben, Sarah, and Amy respond to scary movies can be attributed to their personal constructs, which are individual ways of interpreting and organizing experiences. George Kelly's theory of personal constructivism focuses on how people create their own unique understanding of the world based on a set of personal constructs, or mental categories used to make sense of information. In this case, Ben sees scary movies as exciting, Sarah as terrifying, and Amy as boring, indicating that they have different personal constructs for this particular experience.

Question 11

_____ developed a locus of control scale.
A)Walter Mischel
B)George Kelly
C)Abraham Maslow
D)Julian Rotter

Accepted Answer

Julian Rotter developed the locus of control scale, which measures whether an individual believes that they have control over the events that affect their lives (internal locus of control) or whether they are controlled by external forces such as luck or fate (external locus of control).

Question 12

How are outcome expectancies related to goals?
A)Goals determine outcome expectancies.
B)Outcome expectancies determine goals.
C)Personality determines both goals and outcome expectancies.
D)Outcome expectancies combine with goals in producing behavior.

Accepted Answer

Outcome expectancies are beliefs about the likelihood of achieving a certain outcome based on an individual's actions. These expectancies combine with goals to produce behavior. For example, if a person sets a goal to lose weight but doesn't believe that exercise will help them achieve this goal, then they are less likely to engage in exercise. However, if they believe that exercise will contribute to weight loss, then they are more likely to engage in that behavior. Therefore, outcome expectancies work together with goals to affect behavior.

Question 13

Eric has several exams,but he does not study.He ends up getting an A on each of them.He feels that he did well because he thought the exams were easy and that he has good luck.Eric's explanation shows his _____ locus of control.
A)internal
B)external
C)positive
D)negative

Accepted Answer

Eric's explanation of his success being attributed to the exams being easy and luck shows an external locus of control, meaning he sees external factors beyond his control as responsible for his success.

Question 14

A person's tendency to perceive the control of rewards as internal to the self or external in the environment is called:
A)personal constructs.
B)locus of control.
C)outcome expectancies.
D)person-situation controversy.

Accepted Answer

Locus of control refers to the individual's belief about the control of rewards, where individuals with an internal locus of control believe that their actions and decisions can influence outcomes, while those with an external locus of control believe that outcomes are determined by external factors such as luck or fate. Option A refers to an individual's cognitive framework for interpreting and organizing information, option C refers to an individual's expectation of the outcomes of their actions, and option D refers to the debate about the relative influence of personality traits versus situational factors on behavior.

Question 15

What is MOST critical to learning outcome expectancies?
A)conscientiousness
B)openness to experience
C)locus of control
D)consequences of behavior

Accepted Answer

Learning outcome expectancies are based on the perceived consequences of behavior. Individuals are more likely to engage in behaviors that they believe will lead to positive outcomes and avoid behaviors with negative outcomes. Therefore, the consequences of behavior play a critical role in shaping learning outcome expectancies. Conscientiousness and openness to experience may indirectly influence these expectancies, but they are not as directly related as the perception of consequences. Locus of control may affect the way individuals interpret the consequences of their behaviors, but it is not the most critical factor in determining learning outcome expectancies.

Question 16

People with an internal locus of control tend to:
A)be less anxious than are others under normal circumstances.
B)achieve less than do those who feel driven by external factors.
C)have more trouble than do others in coping under stressful situations.
D)be less likely to take credit for a personal success than are others.

Accepted Answer

People with an internal locus of control believe that their actions can influence outcomes, which can reduce anxiety and increase feelings of control over their lives.

Question 17

Participants watch videos of three people who are both similar and different on a variety of dimensions.They then are asked to classify two of them as similar and one as different.The way that participants make these classifications reveal their:
A)outcome expectancies.
B)locus of control.
C)personal constructs.
D)schemas.

Accepted Answer

The task described involves the use of personal constructs, which refers to the individual's subjective way of perceiving and categorizing their experiences. The way participants classify individuals based on their similarities and differences reflects their personal constructs, which they use to categorize and understand the social world around them.

Question 18

Kim,a senior in college,plans to be a doctor and has planned her next 8 years of study in great detail.She firmly believes that she can make her dream a reality through commitment and hard work.It is likely that Kim has a(n):
A)internal locus of control.
B)external locus of control.
C)unconditional positive regard for her family.
D)self-actualized personality.

Accepted Answer

Kim's belief that she can control and achieve her future goals through her own efforts and determination suggests an internal locus of control. This is in contrast to an external locus of control, where a person believes that external factors such as luck or fate determine their outcomes. The other options are not relevant to the scenario provided.

Question 19

When Robyn sees a snake,she loves the graceful way it moves across the ground.Her friend Helen is so frightened by snakes that she goes out of her way to avoid seeing them,even in zoos.George Kelly would say that:
A)Robyn and Helen have different personal constructs of snakes.
B)Helen's fear of snakes indicates that she has a highly anxious personality.
C)Robyn and Helen have different outcome expectancies in the way they view the world.
D)Robyn's delight in snakes indicates that she possesses a drive for stimulation.

Accepted Answer

George Kelly's theory of personal constructs suggests that individuals have their own unique ways of understanding and interpreting the world around them, which he calls personal constructs. Robyn and Helen's different reactions to snakes indicate that they have different personal constructs of snakes. Robyn sees snakes as graceful, while Helen sees them as something to be feared and avoided.

Question 20

Football games on Christmas Day excite Hank,enrage his wife,and bore their teenage children due to differences in what George Kelly termed:
A)outcome expectancies.
B)locus of control.
C)the power of the situation.
D)personal constructs.

Accepted Answer

George Kelly's theory of personal constructs proposes that individuals create their own unique interpretations of events based on their personal constructs or ways of seeing the world. Hank, his wife, and their teenage children have different personal constructs that lead to different interpretations and emotional responses to football games on Christmas Day. This is evident in their differing reactions - Hank is excited, his wife is enraged, and their children are bored. Therefore, the best choice is D - personal constructs.

Quiz 12: Personality-Part A

_____ suggested that people view the social world from different perspectives due to the application of different personal constructs.

People who feel that they are being pulled around like a puppet on a string by all of life's responsibilities probably have a(n) _____ locus of control.

When her roommate asked Connie why she wasn't studying for a big test scheduled for the next day,Connie replied,"It doesn't make any difference whether I study or not.I just know I'll make a low grade because I have such bad luck." It is likely that Connie has a(n) :

Social-cognitive personality psychologists believe that differences in personal constructs:

Which statement about personality and behavior is TRUE?

People translate goals into behavior in part through:

Another term George Kelly used for personal constructs was:

According to the social-cognitive approach,dimensions people use in making sense of their experiences are called:

People with an internal locus of control tend to:

Scary movies excite Ben,terrify Sarah,and bore Amy due to differences in what George Kelly termed:

_____ developed a locus of control scale.

How are outcome expectancies related to goals?

Eric has several exams,but he does not study.He ends up getting an A on each of them.He feels that he did well because he thought the exams were easy and that he has good luck.Eric's explanation shows his _____ locus of control.

A person's tendency to perceive the control of rewards as internal to the self or external in the environment is called:

What is MOST critical to learning outcome expectancies?

People with an internal locus of control tend to:

Participants watch videos of three people who are both similar and different on a variety of dimensions.They then are asked to classify two of them as similar and one as different.The way that participants make these classifications reveal their:

Kim,a senior in college,plans to be a doctor and has planned her next 8 years of study in great detail.She firmly believes that she can make her dream a reality through commitment and hard work.It is likely that Kim has a(n) :

When Robyn sees a snake,she loves the graceful way it moves across the ground.Her friend Helen is so frightened by snakes that she goes out of her way to avoid seeing them,even in zoos.George Kelly would say that:

Football games on Christmas Day excite Hank,enrage his wife,and bore their teenage children due to differences in what George Kelly termed: