Question 1

As compared to System I thinking, System II thinking is __________.

Accepted Answer

System II thinking is slower but more accurate, while System I thinking is fast but prone to errors and biases. System II thinking involves deliberate, conscious, and effortful mental processing that requires focus and attention. It is used for tasks that require problem-solving, decision-making, and logical reasoning. On the other hand, System I thinking is automatic, unconscious, and intuitive, and is used for routine or familiar activities.

Question 2

You check the time on your phone. Your friend should be out of class by now. You call her. She should answer if she's out of class. In this example, your thought processes are best seen as exemplifying __________.

Accepted Answer

The thought process of checking the time and calling the friend based on the assumption that she should be out of class exemplifies reasoning.

Question 3

Which of the following individuals is CORRECTLY matched with the type of thinking he or she is demonstrating?

Accepted Answer

Emilio's approach of "thinking outside the box" to generate a novel solution for earning cash aligns with the definition of creativity, which involves innovative or original thinking.

Question 4

It has been a long day and Lana is tired. At this point, she will probably rely on __________ thinking in making judgments.

Accepted Answer

System I thinking is fast, automatic, and relies on heuristics (mental shortcuts) and intuition rather than deliberate reasoning. When tired or cognitively depleted, people are more likely to rely on System I thinking to conserve mental energy. Lana's tiredness suggests that she is likely to rely on System I thinking to make judgments.

Question 5

We take evidence that is consistent with our beliefs more seriously than evidence inconsistent with our beliefs. This is known as the __________.

Accepted Answer

Confirmation bias is the tendency to seek out, interpret, and remember information in a way that confirms our preexisting beliefs or hypotheses. This means that we may disregard or downplay evidence that contradicts our beliefs, while overvaluing evidence that supports them. The other options - availability heuristic, representativeness heuristic, and selection bias - are related cognitive biases, but they don't refer specifically to the tendency to prioritize information that fits with our existing beliefs.

Question 6

The idea of confirmation bias would suggest that __________.

Accepted Answer

Confirmation bias is the tendency to search, interpret, and remember information in a way that confirms one's preexisting beliefs or hypotheses. Therefore, a Republican may be more likely to seek out positive information about a Republican president and not actively look for negative information to avoid contradicting their beliefs.

Question 7

Which of the following statements best reflects your text's overall conclusion regarding the accuracy of human judgment?

Accepted Answer

The text acknowledges that humans use heuristics or cognitive shortcuts, which can sometimes lead to inaccurate judgments. However, it also states that humans often make accurate judgments, but there is still room for improvement. Therefore, the overall conclusion is that our judgments are often accurate, but there is still potential for improvement.

Question 8

Jonah is relying on what he calls his "gut instinct" to make an easy, immediate judgment. In terms of the dual-process theory, Jonah appears to be using __________ thinking.

Accepted Answer

System I thinking is characterized as being fast, instinctual, and relying on intuition and gut feelings to make quick judgments or decisions. In contrast, System II thinking is slower, more deliberate, and involves more effortful cognitive processing. Therefore, Jonah's reliance on his gut instinct suggests that he is using System I thinking. The other answer choices, Type A and Type B, are not relevant to the dual-process theory of thinking.

Question 9

Which of the following conditions increases the likelihood of System II thinking?

Accepted Answer

The answer of Which of the following conditions increases the...

Question 10

Dr. Martinez received a grant to fund an enriched statistics education program for first-generation college freshmen. Which of the following is MOST LIKELY one of Dr. Martinez's goals?

Accepted Answer

Dr. Martinez's goals most likely include increasing the prevalence of System II thinking, which involves more analytical and deliberate thinking processes. This type of thinking is especially important in statistics and other quantitative fields. Intuitive thinking (A) and System I thinking (B) are less likely to be emphasized in a statistics education program. Dr. Martinez would not aim to decrease the prevalence of System II thinking (D).

Question 11

Which of the following individuals is engaged in reasoning, as your text defines the term?

Accepted Answer

Reasoning, as defined in the text, involves drawing conclusions based on ideas or evidence. Darla is using her knowledge of resale values to make a judgment about the long-term investment potential of a particular car model, which requires reasoning. The other options (A, C, and D) do not necessarily involve drawing conclusions based on evidence or ideas.

Question 12

Research shows that we use two different systems of reasoning when trying to reach conclusions: System I is faster and more automatic, and System II is slower and more effortful. Which of the following statements CORRECTLY identifies another difference between the two systems?

Accepted Answer

Research has shown that people are more likely to rely on System I when they are experiencing cognitive fatigue or feeling under time pressure.

Question 13

Sandy, a true believer in astrology, reads in her horoscope that today is her lucky day. She gets so excited that she spills coffee all over herself, which necessitates a change of clothes, which makes her late for work and for a very important meeting, which in turn gets her into serious trouble with her boss. Later that evening, in the hospital parking lot, on her way to the emergency room where her brother has just been taken, Sandy finds a dime on the ground. What does research on the confirmation bias suggest that Sandy will do?

Accepted Answer

The confirmation bias suggests that Sandy will interpret the dime she found as further evidence that her horoscope was correct about it being her lucky day. This bias causes people to selectively attend to and remember information that supports their beliefs and ignore or discount evidence that contradicts them. In this case, Sandy is likely to focus on the positive event (finding the dime) and ignore the negative events that happened earlier in the day.

Question 14

System I is to System II as __________ is to __________.

Accepted Answer

The answer of System I is to System II as...

Question 15

Dr. Kendall presents participants with problems phrased in terms either of frequencies or probabilities. He records the speed and accuracy of their solutions. Dr. Kendall is most likely contrasting __________.

Accepted Answer

Dr. Kendall is likely contrasting System I thinking, which relies on intuition and automatic responses, with System II thinking, which involves more deliberate and analytical processing. The presentation of problems in different formats (frequencies vs. probabilities) can affect which system is more likely to be used. The other options presented do not seem to be directly relevant to the study being described.

Question 16

By the dual-process theory of judgment, the availability and representativeness heuristics both reflect __________ thinking.

Accepted Answer

The dual-process theory of judgment distinguishes between two types of cognitive processing: System I, which is fast, automatic, and intuitive (reflecting the use of heuristics like availability and representativeness), and System II, which is slower, more deliberate, and analytical.

Question 17

According to your text, training in elementary statistics __________.

Accepted Answer

The text states that training in statistics "can improve our System II thinking abilities," suggesting that it increases the likelihood of System II thinking. There is no mention of the effect on System I thinking, therefore choice A and C can be eliminated. Choice D is incorrect as it suggests that training in statistics has little effect on either way of thinking, which contradicts the statement in the text.

Question 18

According to your text, judgment involves drawing conclusions from our experiences, whereas reasoning entails deriving specific implications from our beliefs. By these definitions, judgment is similar to __________; reasoning resembles __________.

Accepted Answer

Judgment involves forming generalizations and conclusions based on our experiences, which is similar to induction. On the other hand, reasoning involves deriving specific implications from our beliefs, which is similar to deduction. Therefore, reasoning resembles deduction.

Question 19

According to your text, determining the implications of our beliefs is the essence of __________.

Accepted Answer

Reasoning involves examining and evaluating our beliefs and the implications they have on our thoughts and actions. It requires us to analyze and draw conclusions based on evidence and logical argumentation. Therefore, determining the implications of our beliefs is fundamental to the process of reasoning.

Question 20

Research participants are shown a videotape of a police officer from City X talking with relish about harassing people he dislikes and describing how he beats confessions out of his suspects. Half the participants (group 1) are told that this officer is a typical member of the department, and the other half (group 2) are told only that he is an officer in City X's police force. The participants are then asked to judge the brutality of City X's police force. What does research on the representativeness heuristic suggest?

Accepted Answer

The answer of Research participants are shown a videotape of...

Quiz 9: Thinking