Question 1

Susan learned at a young age that developing good study habits,such as doing her homework,brought about good grades and made her want to work harder in school.This sort of encouraging outcome of an action is called

Accepted Answer

Reinforcement refers to the process of encouraging certain behaviors by rewarding them. In this case, Susan's good grades were a positive outcome of her studying habits, which reinforced her behavior and made her want to continue studying.

Question 2

__________ focuses on the processes that allow people to know,understand,and think about the world.

Accepted Answer

The cognitive perspective focuses on mental processes such as perception, thinking, memory, and problem-solving. It is concerned with how people acquire, organize, and use knowledge to understand and interact with the world.

Question 3

Which form of the behavioral perspective learning styles has come to a predominant position in recent decades and is based on learning through imitation?

Accepted Answer

Social-learning theory, which is based on learning through imitation, has become predominant in recent decades. This approach emphasizes the importance of observational learning and the influence of the environment and social interactions on behavior.

Question 4

A form of learning in which a voluntary response is strengthened or weakened by its association with positive or negative consequences is called

Accepted Answer

The description provided matches the definition of operant conditioning where behavior is modified through rewards and punishment in order to strengthen or weaken the voluntary response. The behavioral perspective refers to the overall approach of studying observable behavior, while the psychodynamic perspective focuses on unconscious psychological processes. Classical conditioning, on the other hand, involves the association of two stimuli to create a learned response.

Question 5

What did Piaget call the process in which people understand an experience in terms of their current stage of cognitive development and way of thinking?

Accepted Answer

Piaget called the process of understanding new experiences in terms of one's current cognitive stage and existing mental structures "assimilation."

Question 6

According to classical and operant conditioning,with their "black box" analyses,people and other organisms' behavior and learning are understood in terms of ________,_______ stimuli.

Accepted Answer

Classical and operant conditioning rely on observable external stimuli to explain behavior and learning. The "black box" refers to the idea that the internal processes of the organism are not directly studied or understood, but rather the focus is solely on the observable behavior and the external stimuli that trigger and reinforce it.

Question 7

Social-cognitive learning theorists argue that the difference between people and animals is the occurrence of

Accepted Answer

Social-cognitive learning theorists emphasize the importance of mental activity, such as observation, attention, memory, and thinking, in learning and behavior. This is in contrast to classical and operant conditioning, which focus on the association between stimuli and responses, and reinforcement and punishment, respectively. Therefore, C is the best choice as it reflects the central feature of social-cognitive learning theory.

Question 8

What did Piaget call the process in which changes occur in the existing way a child thinks in response to encounters with new stimuli or events?

Accepted Answer

Piaget called the process in which changes occur in the existing way a child thinks in response to encounters with new stimuli or events "accommodation."

Question 9

_________ is/are a theory of how human thinking is organized into mental patterns that represent behaviors and actions.

Accepted Answer

Schemes are mental patterns that represent behaviors and actions. Assimilation and accommodation are processes that contribute to the development of these schemes. Assessments are not a theory of how human thinking is organized into mental patterns.

Question 10

Behavior that receives no reinforcement or is punished is likely to be

Accepted Answer

Behavior that receives no reinforcement or is punished is unlikely to continue and is likely to be extinguished. Extinction refers to the gradual weakening and eventual disappearance of a behavior due to the lack of reinforcement or punishment.

Question 11

Piaget's two basic principles of growth in children's understanding of the world are

Accepted Answer

Piaget's two basic principles of growth in children's understanding of the world are assimilation and accommodation. Assimilation is the process of incorporating new information into existing schemas (mental structures), while accommodation involves altering existing schemas or creating new ones to fit new information. These two principles work together to help children make sense of their experiences and develop cognitive structures that allow them to understand and interact with the world around them.

Question 12

Operant conditioning was formulated and championed by

Accepted Answer

Operant conditioning was formulated and championed by B.F. Skinner, who emphasized the role of consequences in shaping behavior. The other options (Freud, Bandura, and Rogers) are associated with different theories of psychology.

Question 13

Behavior modification depends upon what principle?

Accepted Answer

Behavior modification is based on the principles of operant conditioning, which involves reinforcing desired behaviors and punishing undesired behaviors. Reinforcement increases the likelihood of a behavior being repeated, while punishment decreases it. By using these techniques, behavior modification aims to change or shape behavior. Social-cognitive conditioning and classical conditioning are related to learning, but they are not the main principles underlying behavior modification. Stimulus conditioning is a type of classical conditioning that emphasizes the role of stimuli in learning, but it is not the main principle used in behavior modification.

Question 14

The introduction of an unpleasant or painful stimulus or the removal of a desirable stimulus that decreases the probability that a preceding behavior will occur in the future is considered ________.

Accepted Answer

Punishment involves introducing an unpleasant or painful stimulus or removing a desirable stimulus in order to decrease the likelihood of a behavior occurring in the future. This is different from reinforcement, which involves introducing a desirable stimulus to increase the likelihood of a behavior occurring. Classical conditioning involves pairing a neutral stimulus with a conditioned stimulus to elicit a conditioned response, and social-cognitive affecting involves the social and cognitive factors that may influence behavior.

Question 15

Who is considered the predominant theorist in cognitive development?

Accepted Answer

Jean Piaget is considered the predominant theorist in cognitive development. He proposed that children actively construct their understanding of the world through their experiences and interactions, and that cognitive development progresses through distinct stages. His theory has had a significant impact on the field of developmental psychology.

Question 16

Ralph watches the other kindergarten students receive stickers and other rewards from the teacher for sitting at their desks and completing their work.Soon,Ralph begins to behave like the other kindergarten students.This is what type of learning?

Accepted Answer

Ralph is learning through observation of the other students and then imitating their behavior to receive similar rewards. This process is known as modeling, a type of social learning.

Question 17

What is the learning approach that emphasizes modeling,which involves learning by observing the behavior of another person?

Accepted Answer

Social-cognitive learning emphasizes modeling and learning by observing the behavior of another person. This approach emphasizes the importance of cognitive processes, such as attention, retention, and motivation, in learning from others' behavior.

Question 18

Alice used to do her math homework regularly and studied hard for tests,although she continued to have difficulty getting passing grades.Disheartened,Alice began to put less effort into her math homework,and eventually she failed math.This is an example of what type of behavior?

Accepted Answer

This is an example of punishment because Alice's failing grade served as a consequence for her decreased effort in her math homework.

Question 19

Which developmental psychologist developed an approach that emphasizes learning by observing the behavior of another person,called a model?

Accepted Answer

Albert Bandura developed the social learning theory, which emphasizes the role of observation and modeling in the learning process. This theory suggests that individuals learn not only by direct reinforcement or punishment, but also by observing the behaviors of others and the consequences that follow.

Question 20

______ is a formal technique for promoting the frequency of desirable behaviors and decreasing the incidence of unwanted ones.

Accepted Answer

Behavior modification is a formal technique used to promote desirable behaviors and decrease unwanted ones through the use of various methods, such as positive reinforcement, negative reinforcement, and punishment. It involves identifying target behaviors, establishing specific goals, and using various interventions to modify behavior. Classical modification, on the other hand, focuses on changing involuntary responses through classical conditioning techniques. Therefore, the best answer is D- Behavior modification.

Quiz 1: An Introduction to Lifespan Development