Question 1

Erikson's theory of psychosocial development considers

Accepted Answer

Erikson's theory focuses on how individuals develop a sense of self and identity, as well as how they understand and interact with others. It includes eight stages of psychosocial development, each with its own unique challenge or crisis that individuals must navigate to progress successfully to the next stage. The theory is not concerned with maintaining memories from infancy, assessing an infant's perception of self, or specifically focusing on the development of independence from parents.

Question 2

What is Erikson's term for the period during which toddlers (aged 18 months to 3 years)develop independence and autonomy if they are allowed the freedom to explore,or shame and self-doubt if they are restricted and overprotected?

Accepted Answer

Erikson's term for the period during which toddlers develop independence and autonomy if they are allowed the freedom to explore, or shame and self-doubt if they are restricted and overprotected is the autonomy-versus-shame-and-doubt stage. This is part of Erikson's theory of psychosocial development, which outlines specific stages of development throughout a person's life. The other options, such as the trust-versus-mistrust stage and the temperamental stage, refer to different stages in Erikson's theory, but do not specifically relate to the development of independence and autonomy in toddlers.

Question 3

What is the sum total of the enduring characteristics that differentiate one individual from another?

Accepted Answer

The sum total of enduring characteristics that differentiate one individual from another is their personality. This includes traits such as extraversion/introversion, openness, agreeableness, neuroticism, and conscientiousness, among others. The other options may contribute to individual differences, but they do not encompass the entirety of a person's unique characteristics.

Question 4

Mary is planning to take a year and a half leave from her job because she wants to stay home and care for the needs of her newborn child.Mary believes that during the first 18 months of a child's life,it is critical that she make herself available to her child to meet his needs and give him the attention he deserves.Erikson would say that Mary's decision comes at a good time to address what stage of her child's development?

Accepted Answer

Erikson's trust-versus-mistrust stage occurs from birth to 18 months of age, during which the infant begins to learn whether they can trust the world around them or not. Mary's decision to stay home and care for her child during the first 18 months of their life will provide the child with a secure base for building trust in the world and developing a healthy sense of identity.

Question 5

According to Thomas and Chess,who carried out a large-scale study of infants in the New York Longitudinal Study,what percentage of children were found to be "easy babies"?

Accepted Answer

Thomas and Chess found that 40% of the children in their New York Longitudinal Study were classified as "easy babies," meaning they had a positive mood, regular body functions, and adapted easily to new situations.

Question 6

According to Thomas and Chess,who carried out a large-scale study of infants in the New York Longitudinal Study,what percentage of children were found to be "difficult babies"?

Accepted Answer

Thomas and Chess found that approximately 10% of children were classified as "difficult babies" in their study.

Question 7

Manuel and Sarah keep a daily log of the times that their baby eats,sleeps,remains awake,and even the baby's excretions.They are keeping track of the baby's

Accepted Answer

Manuel and Sarah are keeping track of the baby's rhythmicity, which refers to a regular pattern of biological functions such as eating, sleeping, and waking. This helps them to understand the baby's natural schedule and can assist with developing a routine. The other options - threshold of responsiveness, activity level, and adaptability - do not necessarily involve tracking these specific functions.

Question 8

According to Thomas and Chess,who carried out a large-scale study of infants in the New York Longitudinal Study,what percentage of children were found to be "slow-to-warm babies"?

Accepted Answer

Thomas and Chess found that approximately 15% of children were classified as "slow-to-warm-up" in their New York Longitudinal Study.

Question 9

Erikson believed that we all enter the autonomy-versus-shame-and-doubt stage at what time in our lives?

Accepted Answer

According to Erikson's theory of psychosocial development, the autonomy-versus-shame-and-doubt stage occurs in early childhood, specifically between the ages of 18 months to 3 years. This is when children start to assert their independence and develop a sense of self-control over their actions and environment. They may experience shame and doubt if they are overly controlled or criticized by their caregivers, or if they are unable to meet their own needs and desires.

Question 10

What is the term that Thomas and Chess used to describe babies who have negative moods,are slow to adapt to new situations,and tend to withdraw when confronted with a new situation?

Accepted Answer

Thomas and Chess used the term "difficult babies" to describe infants who display negative moods, slow adaptability to new situations, and a tendency to withdraw from new experiences.

Question 11

Patterns of arousal and emotionality that are consistent and enduring characteristics of an individual are called

Accepted Answer

Patterns of arousal and emotionality that are consistent and enduring characteristics of an individual are called temperament. Personality refers to a combination of enduring behavioral, emotional, and cognitive traits. Genetic predisposition and inherited characteristics both refer to traits that are passed down through genes from one's biological parents.

Question 12

According to Erikson,when do we all pass through the trust-versus-mistrust stage?

Accepted Answer

Erikson's theory posits that the trust-versus-mistrust stage occurs in the first 18 months of life, where infants learn to trust or mistrust their caregivers based on the care they receive.

Question 13

The dysfunction of ______________ may be related to the development of disorders involving theory of the mind as well as autism.

Accepted Answer

Mirror neurons are thought to play a crucial role in the development of theory of mind and social cognition, and dysfunction of these neurons has been linked to autism. The other options, attachment, the cerebral cortex, and the cerebellum, have not been specifically implicated in these disorders.

Question 14

When discussing the dimensions of temperament,what is the term used to refer to the baby's response to a new person or object,based on whether the child accepts the new situation or withdraws from it?

Accepted Answer

The term used to refer to the baby's response to a new person or object, based on whether the child accepts the new situation or withdraws from it, is approach-withdrawal. Option A refers to the overall emotional tone of the child, option B refers to the strength of the child's emotional response, and option D refers to the regularity and predictability of the child's bodily functions such as sleeping and eating.

Question 15

What is the term that Thomas and Chess used to describe babies who have a positive disposition,whose bodily functions operate regularly,and who are adaptable?

Accepted Answer

Thomas and Chess used the term "easy babies" to describe infants who exhibit a positive disposition, regular body functions, and adaptability. This term was one of the three classifications that they used to describe infant temperament, with "difficult babies" and "slow-to-warm babies" making up the other two categories.

Question 16

Erikson's approach to personality development suggests that an infant's early experiences (nurturing,feeding,cuddling,etc. )are responsible for shaping whether or not they become ____________ individuals later in life.

Accepted Answer

According to Erikson's theory, the early experiences of an infant shape their trust and attachment to their caregiver, which influences their later ability to form close relationships and trust others. Therefore, the best choice for the missing word is "trusting."

Question 17

When discussing the dimensions of temperament,what is the term used to refer to the proportion of active time periods to inactive time periods that are demonstrated by a baby?

Accepted Answer

Activity level refers to the proportion of active versus inactive periods that a baby demonstrates, indicating how much physical movement or activity the baby engages in compared to periods of inactivity.

Question 18

Which of the following are examples of temperament in babies?

Accepted Answer

Temperament refers to the innate traits that influence how a baby experiences and reacts to the world, such as mood quality.

Question 19

What is the term that Thomas and Chess used for babies who are inactive,show relatively calm reactions to their environment,have moods that are generally negative,and withdraw from new situations,adapting slowly?

Accepted Answer

Thomas and Chess used the term "slow-to-warm babies" to describe babies who are inactive, show relatively calm reactions to their environment, have moods that are generally negative, and withdraw from new situations, adapting slowly. Option A, difficult babies, refers to babies who are irritable, cry frequently, and show intense and negative reactions to their environment. Option B, distractible babies, refers to babies who have a short attention span and are easily distracted by new stimuli. Option D, limited-response babies, is not a term used by Thomas and Chess and is not applicable to the given characteristics of the babies described.

Question 20

Babies who do not adapt quickly to new situations and have a generally negative mood,though are also relatively calm,are described as _____________ babies.

Accepted Answer

Slow-to-warm babies are characterized by taking longer to adapt to new situations, having a generally negative mood, but are also relatively calm. This matches the given description. "Easy babies" are described as having a positive mood and adapting easily to new situations. "Difficult babies" are described as having intense emotions and being hard to soothe. "Inconsistent" is not a term used to describe specific temperaments in infants.

Quiz 6: Social and Personality Development in Infancy