Question 1

Which of the following describes allegiance effects in psychotherapy?

Accepted Answer

Allegiance effects in psychotherapy refer to the tendency of psychotherapy researchers to find evidence that their preferred form of therapy is more effective than other forms. This is because researchers may have an allegiance, or bias, toward a particular form of therapy, leading them to interpret the data in a way that supports their beliefs. This can lead to an overestimation of the effectiveness of certain forms of therapy and an underestimation of others.

Question 2

The fact that researchers have found that clients tend to adopt beliefs similar to those of their therapists is evidence that psychotherapy is a form of

Accepted Answer

The finding that clients adopt beliefs similar to those of their therapists is consistent with social influence, where individuals are influenced by the attitudes, beliefs, and behaviors of others in their social environment. It is not evidence for brain-washing or faith healing, and while psychotherapy can be a collaborative enterprise, this finding specifically points to social influence.

Question 3

Which of these is an example of a placebo in medicine?

Accepted Answer

A placebo in medicine is a substance or treatment that has no therapeutic effect, but is used to test the response to an active treatment or to create a psychological effect. A pill with inactive ingredients is a common example of a placebo in medicine, as it looks like a real medicine but has no active components.

Question 4

Your friend told you that she was a member of the placebo group in a recently completed study of a new drug.What is your friend likely to have experienced?

Accepted Answer

The placebo group receives a treatment that is not expected to have an active effect on the disorder being studied. This is done to control for the placebo effect, which is the improvement people sometimes experience simply because they believe they are receiving an effective treatment. Therefore, it is likely that the friend received a treatment not thought to be specifically effective in treating her disorder.

Question 5

According to research,what types of clients are most likely to improve?

Accepted Answer

Research indicates that intelligent, successful people tend to show improvement in therapy within the first few months. This group often has the resources, coping mechanisms, and possibly a supportive environment that can facilitate quicker progress in therapy.

Question 6

What interesting finding has emerged from the analysis of tapes of therapy sessions conducted by Carl Rogers?

Accepted Answer

The analysis of tapes of therapy sessions conducted by Carl Rogers revealed that although he advocated a nondirective approach, he was subtly directive by empathizing with some client statements but not others. This finding was surprising since Rogers is known for his emphasis on a nondirective approach in therapy.

Question 7

According to the text,what is the best estimate of the number of people with a mental disorder who improve without any professional treatment?

Accepted Answer

The text states that "about one-third of people with mental health problems improve without treatment."

Question 8

Therapy outcome studies typically have a no-treatment control group,but results from such studies can be difficult to interpret because

Accepted Answer

People waiting for therapy often seek counseling and advice from others, which can influence their outcomes and make it difficult to interpret the results of the study.

Question 9

Many studies show that different forms of treatment often appear to work equally well; this point can be attributed to the fact that

Accepted Answer

Different treatments often share common factors that contribute to their effectiveness, such as the therapeutic relationship, the expectation of help, and the provision of hope, which can lead to similar outcomes across various treatment modalities.

Question 10

What factor best predicts when treatment is more or less likely to be effective?

Accepted Answer

The nature or severity of the client's problems is the factor that best predicts when treatment is more or less likely to be effective. Treatment is typically more effective when it targets specific problems that are causing distress or impairment in the client's life. On the other hand, if the client has multiple or chronic problems, therapy may be less effective or require a longer duration of treatment. The experience and orientation of the therapist, as well as the client's financial situation, may also have an impact on treatment effectiveness but are not the primary factors.

Question 11

Which best summarizes the views of the authors of the text about the placebo effect?

Accepted Answer

The authors of the text view the placebo effect as a treatment that has psychological healing benefits. They also suggest that harnessing the placebo effect in psychotherapy could be useful.

Question 12

What occurs in a double-blind study of medication?

Accepted Answer

In a double-blind study of medication, neither the patient nor the doctor knows if the medication is a placebo. This helps reduce bias and expectation effects by keeping everyone involved in the study unaware of which treatment the patient is receiving.

Question 13

When we ask whether the results of therapy outcome research under carefully controlled conditions will be the same as the results that people experience in the real world,we are taking into account the difference between

Accepted Answer

The difference between therapy outcome research under controlled conditions and real-world experiences is related to the concept of efficacy and effectiveness. Efficacy refers to the effectiveness of a treatment under ideal, controlled conditions (i.e., in research studies), while effectiveness refers to the ability of the treatment to produce positive outcomes in real-world settings. Therefore, D is the best choice as it directly refers to the difference between efficacy and effectiveness.

Question 14

Your friend is considering seeking psychotherapy and asks your advice on the type of therapist she should consider.Based on the results of the Consumer Reports survey,what would you tell her?

Accepted Answer

According to the Consumer Reports survey, consumer satisfaction was equal with the three major types of mental health professionals, namely clinical psychologists, psychiatrists, and social workers. Therefore, it would be safe to recommend any of these three types of therapists to your friend.

Question 15

Which of the following is related to positive outcomes across different approaches to therapy?

Accepted Answer

Therapist supportiveness is consistently linked to positive outcomes in therapy, as it helps build a strong therapeutic alliance and fosters a safe environment for clients.

Question 16

A reporter for the local newspaper is deciding on a headline for an article describing the Consumer Reports study of psychotherapy.Which of the following titles would most effectively capture the findings?

Accepted Answer

The title "Psychotherapy: Consumers Generally Satisfied" is the most accurate and informative headline that captures the main finding of the Consumer Reports study. The study found that a majority of individuals who received psychotherapy were satisfied with the results. The other headlines, such as "Psychotherapy: Consumer Rip-off" or "Consumers Pay for Friendship in Psychotherapy" are sensationalized and not reflective of the study's actual findings. "The Success of Psychotherapy: It Takes Years" is also not the best choice as it may convey the idea that long-term therapy is necessary for success, which is not necessarily true for all individuals.

Question 17

What were the findings of the Consumers Reports survey of psychotherapy effectiveness concerning medications in treatment?

Accepted Answer

According to the Consumer Reports survey of psychotherapy effectiveness, medication adds little to psychotherapy.

Question 18

Research comparing behavioral and psychoanalytic therapies has found that

Accepted Answer

The answer of Research comparing behavioral and psychoanalytic therapies has...

Question 19

Why are double-blind studies of medication effectiveness necessary?

Accepted Answer

Double-blind studies are necessary because they prevent both the physicians' and patients' expectations from influencing the outcomes, ensuring that the results are due to the medication itself and not external biases.

Question 20

Which of the following did Jerome Frank see as essential to the process of the persuasion that he suggested was an essential part of therapy?

Accepted Answer

Jerome Frank believed that instilling hope was essential to the process of persuasion in therapy. While listening, making a diagnosis, and involving family members may also be important aspects of therapy, they were not specifically highlighted by Frank as being essential to the process of persuasion.

Quiz 3: Treatment of Psychological Disorders