Question 1

Following a brain injury from a brutal knife attack,Mike is unable to consciously recall or recognize what a knife is.But he still shows a conditioned fear response to the sight of a knife.His conditioned reaction best indicates that he retains a(n)________ memory.
A) sensory
B) repressed
C) working
D) implicit

Accepted Answer

Mike's conditioned fear response to the sight of a knife indicates that his brain has formed an implicit memory of the association between the knife and danger, even though he cannot consciously recall or recognize what a knife is. Implicit memories are automatic and unconscious, and they are often formed through classical conditioning processes.

Question 2

John is taking a chemistry class and wants to earn an A.Which of the following is NOT something he should do to improve his memory of course material?
A) He should use the SQ3R method.
B) He should use distributed practice of the course information.
C) He should use mnemonics to aid memory.
D) He should sleep less and study more.

Accepted Answer

Sleeping less and studying more is not a helpful strategy for improving memory retention. In fact, getting enough sleep is crucial for consolidating information and improving memory. Therefore, choice D is not recommended.

Question 3

The gradual fading of the physical memory trace contributes to
A) encoding failure.
B) storage decay.
C) anterograde amnesia.
D) proactive interference.

Accepted Answer

The fading of physical memory trace over time is known as storage decay. This can cause information to be lost over time or become less accurate, which can make it difficult to retrieve the information later on. Encoding failure refers to the failure to properly store information in the first place, while anterograde amnesia is a specific type of memory loss where a person is unable to form new memories. Proactive interference refers to the phenomenon where old information interferes with the ability to learn new information.

Question 4

An inability to retrieve information learned in the past is called
A) source amnesia.
B) anterograde amnesia.
C) proactive interference.
D) retrograde amnesia.

Accepted Answer

Retrograde amnesia is a type of amnesia where a person is unable to recall past memories and previously learned information. It is different from anterograde amnesia, which is the inability to form new memories. Source amnesia refers to a specific type of memory loss where a person forgets where or how they obtained certain information. Proactive interference occurs when previously learned information interferes with the ability to recall new information.

Question 5

Mrs.McBride can't consciously recall how frequently she criticizes her children because it would be too anxiety-arousing to do so.Sigmund Freud would have suggested that her poor memory illustrates
A) source amnesia.
B) proactive interference.
C) automatic processing.
D) repression.

Accepted Answer

According to Freud's psychoanalytic theory, repression is the process of pushing distressing or unacceptable thoughts or memories out of the conscious mind and into the unconscious mind in order to protect oneself from anxiety or psychological pain. In this scenario, Mrs. McBride's inability to remember how frequently she criticizes her children suggests that these memories may be repressed due to the anxiety and discomfort they may cause.

Question 6

After absorbing the false suggestion that as children they became ill after eating spoiled egg salad,Dutch university students were less likely to eat egg salad sandwiches.Their behavior best illustrates the impact of
A) the misinformation effect.
B) anterograde amnesia.
C) proactive interference.
D) repressed memories.

Accepted Answer

The scenario described in the question refers to the misinformation effect, which occurs when exposure to misleading information can alter one's memories or beliefs. In this case, the students' belief that they became ill after eating spoiled egg salad led them to avoid egg salad sandwiches in the future. Option B (anterograde amnesia) refers to the inability to form new memories, while option C (proactive interference) refers to the difficulty in learning new information due to previously learned information. Option D (repressed memories) refers to memories that have been unconsciously blocked due to their traumatic nature. None of these options accurately describe the scenario in the question.

Question 7

During her evening Spanish language exam,Janica so easily remembers the French vocabulary she studied that morning that she finds it difficult to recall the Spanish vocabulary she rehearsed that afternoon.Her difficulty best illustrates
A) the misinformation effect.
B) proactive interference.
C) source amnesia.
D) retroactive interference.

Accepted Answer

Proactive interference occurs when older memory makes it more difficult to remember new information. In this case, the French vocabulary Janica studied in the morning is interfering with her ability to recall the Spanish vocabulary she studied in the afternoon.

Question 8

Margaret recently had a stroke.although she easily recalls her past,she has problems forming new memories.Margaret's memory difficulty illustrates
A) retrograde amnesia.
B) anterograde amnesia.
C) storage decay.
D) proactive interference.

Accepted Answer

Margaret's ability to recall past memories suggests that her long-term memory is intact. However, her difficulty forming new memories after the stroke indicates that she has anterograde amnesia, which affects the formation of new memories. Retrograde amnesia, on the other hand, affects the retrieval of old memories. Storage decay and proactive interference may contribute to memory loss, but they are not the primary cause of Margaret's memory difficulty in this scenario.

Question 9

Although Ron typically smokes two packs of cigarettes a day,he recalls smoking little more than a pack a day.This poor memory best illustrates
A) the misinformation effect.
B) motivated forgetting.
C) imagination inflation.
D) storage decay.

Accepted Answer

Motivated forgetting refers to the tendency to forget or distort memories in a way that reduces anxiety or protects one's self-esteem. In this case, Ron may unconsciously downplay his smoking habit to feel better about his behavior or to align with a desired self-image.

Question 10

Answering practice test questions about text material you have studied is a useful strategy for
A) automatically processing complex information.
B) facilitating the development of implicit memory.
C) inhibiting infantile amnesia.
D) becoming aware of what you do not yet know.

Accepted Answer

Answering practice test questions helps you identify areas in which you need further study and become aware of what you do not yet know.

Question 11

Several months after watching a science fiction movie about spaceship travel and alien abductions,Steve began to remember that he had been abducted by aliens and personally subjected to many of the horrors portrayed in the movie.His mistaken recall best illustrates
A) implicit memory.
B) anterograde amnesia.
C) source amnesia.
D) proactive interference.

Accepted Answer

Steve's mistaken recall of being abducted by aliens and experiencing similar horrors portrayed in the movie is an example of source amnesia. Source amnesia is when a person has a memory but cannot remember where or when it was acquired. In this case, Steve may have been exposed to the idea of alien abductions from the movie and later mistakenly recalled this as a personal experience. Implicit memory refers to non-conscious and unintentional memories, anterograde amnesia is the inability to form new memories, and proactive interference is when old memories interfere with the ability to remember new information. None of these apply to Steve's situation.

Question 12

Recovered memories of childhood sexual abuse that incorporate errors triggered by a therapist's leading questions best illustrate
A) proactive interference.
B) the misinformation effect.
C) mood-congruent memory.
D) automatic processing.

Accepted Answer

The misinformation effect occurs when a person's memory is altered by information (in this case, questions) that is misleading, incomplete, or inaccurate. In the scenario described, the therapist's leading questions are likely to have influenced the patient's memory of the abuse, leading to errors or inaccuracies in what the patient now recalls.

Question 13

After Teresa was verbally threatened by someone in a passing car,she was asked whether she recognized the man who was driving the car.Several hours later,Teresa mistakenly recalled that the driver was a male rather than a female.Teresa's experience best illustrates
A) implicit memory.
B) proactive interference.
C) the misinformation effect.
D) anterograde amnesia.

Accepted Answer

The misinformation effect refers to the phenomenon where a person's memory of an event is altered by exposure to misleading information. In this case, Teresa's memory of the driver's gender was influenced by the passing comment of someone else asking if the driver was male. This resulted in her falsely recalling the driver as male several hours later.

Question 14

Becky cannot remember anything that happened during her adolescent or young adulthood years.Becky's memory difficulty illustrates
A) retrograde amnesia.
B) anterograde amnesia.
C) storage decay.
D) proactive interference.

Accepted Answer

Retrograde amnesia is the loss of memory for events that occurred prior to the onset of the amnesia. In this case, Becky is unable to remember anything that happened during her adolescent and young adulthood years, suggesting that she is experiencing retrograde amnesia. Anterograde amnesia, on the other hand, is the inability to form new memories after the onset of the amnesia. Storage decay refers to the fading or weakening of memories over time, and proactive interference occurs when previously learned information interferes with the ability to learn and remember new information. Neither of these concepts fully explain Becky's memory difficulty.

Question 15

After suffering a brain injury in a motorcycle accident,Arotza cannot form new memories.He can,however,remember events before the accident.Arotza's memory difficulty most clearly illustrates
A) retroactive interference.
B) the misinformation effect.
C) anterograde amnesia.
D) proactive interference.

Accepted Answer

Arotza's inability to form new memories after the brain injury is an example of anterograde amnesia. Retroactive interference and proactive interference refer to situations where previously learned information interferes with the ability to remember new information. The misinformation effect is when a person's memory is altered by misleading information presented after an event. None of these concepts fully explain Arotza's memory difficulty.

Question 16

Brandon tells his friend that he remembers his grandfather giving him alcohol to drink when he was about 3 years old.What is a main problem with this statement?
A) Memories of events before the age of 4 years are unreliable.
B) It is illegal to give alcohol to children.
C) It is not likely that a family member would do something like this.
D) Memories of meaningless events are usually unreliable.

Accepted Answer

Memories before the age of 4 years are usually unreliable due to the underdeveloped brain and the inability to create long-term memories. Therefore, it is unlikely that Brandon's memory of his grandfather giving him alcohol at the age of 3 is accurate.

Question 17

While taking the final exam in American history,Marie was surprised and frustrated by her momentary inability to remember the name of the current president of the United States.Her difficulty most clearly illustrates
A) implicit memory.
B) déjà vu.
C) the misinformation effect.
D) retrieval failure.

Accepted Answer

Marie's inability to remember something that she had previously learned is an example of retrieval failure, which occurs when information stored in memory cannot be accessed. In this case, Marie knew the information (the name of the current president), but she was unable to retrieve it at that moment.

Question 18

Which of the following could minimize retroactive interference of course material that will be covered on an upcoming exam?
A) studying before going to sleep
B) rehearsing information immediately before the exam
C) cramming for the exam the night before
D) using mnemonics while studying the course material

Accepted Answer

Studying before going to sleep allows for consolidation of memory during sleep, reducing retroactive interference. Rehearsing information immediately before the exam and cramming the night before are not effective in reducing retroactive interference. Using mnemonics can be helpful for encoding and retrieval of memories, but it does not specifically address retroactive interference.

Question 19

After having brain surgery to stop severe seizures,Henry Molaison could recall events he experienced prior to the surgery but was unable to form new conscious memories.Molaison's memory difficulty most clearly illustrates
A) retrograde amnesia.
B) proactive interference.
C) anterograde amnesia.
D) retroactive interference.

Accepted Answer

Anterograde amnesia is the inability to form new memories after a specific event, such as brain surgery. Henry Molaison's case is a well-known example of anterograde amnesia, as he could not remember events that occurred after his surgery. Retrograde amnesia, on the other hand, is the loss of memories prior to a specific event. Proactive and retroactive interference refer to the disruption of memory retrieval caused by previously learned or newly learned information, respectively, and are not applicable in this case.

Question 20

One child who participated in a memory experiment falsely remembered that he once went to the hospital because he had caught his finger in a mousetrap.His false memory best illustrated the impact of
A) mood-congruent memory.
B) proactive interference.
C) suggestive interviewing.
D) sleep deprivation.

Accepted Answer

The child's false memory was likely created through suggestive interviewing, in which the interviewer in some way suggested or implied the existence of the false memory, leading the child to incorporate it into their own memory.

Quiz 25: Encoding: Getting Information In

Following a brain injury from a brutal knife attack,Mike is unable to consciously recall or recognize what a knife is.But he still shows a conditioned fear response to the sight of a knife.His conditioned reaction best indicates that he retains a(n) ________ memory.

John is taking a chemistry class and wants to earn an A.Which of the following is NOT something he should do to improve his memory of course material?

The gradual fading of the physical memory trace contributes to

An inability to retrieve information learned in the past is called

Mrs.McBride can't consciously recall how frequently she criticizes her children because it would be too anxiety-arousing to do so.Sigmund Freud would have suggested that her poor memory illustrates

After absorbing the false suggestion that as children they became ill after eating spoiled egg salad,Dutch university students were less likely to eat egg salad sandwiches.Their behavior best illustrates the impact of

During her evening Spanish language exam,Janica so easily remembers the French vocabulary she studied that morning that she finds it difficult to recall the Spanish vocabulary she rehearsed that afternoon.Her difficulty best illustrates

Margaret recently had a stroke.although she easily recalls her past,she has problems forming new memories.Margaret's memory difficulty illustrates

Although Ron typically smokes two packs of cigarettes a day,he recalls smoking little more than a pack a day.This poor memory best illustrates

Answering practice test questions about text material you have studied is a useful strategy for

Several months after watching a science fiction movie about spaceship travel and alien abductions,Steve began to remember that he had been abducted by aliens and personally subjected to many of the horrors portrayed in the movie.His mistaken recall best illustrates

Recovered memories of childhood sexual abuse that incorporate errors triggered by a therapist's leading questions best illustrate

After Teresa was verbally threatened by someone in a passing car,she was asked whether she recognized the man who was driving the car.Several hours later,Teresa mistakenly recalled that the driver was a male rather than a female.Teresa's experience best illustrates

Becky cannot remember anything that happened during her adolescent or young adulthood years.Becky's memory difficulty illustrates

After suffering a brain injury in a motorcycle accident,Arotza cannot form new memories.He can,however,remember events before the accident.Arotza's memory difficulty most clearly illustrates

Brandon tells his friend that he remembers his grandfather giving him alcohol to drink when he was about 3 years old.What is a main problem with this statement?

While taking the final exam in American history,Marie was surprised and frustrated by her momentary inability to remember the name of the current president of the United States.Her difficulty most clearly illustrates

Which of the following could minimize retroactive interference of course material that will be covered on an upcoming exam?

After having brain surgery to stop severe seizures,Henry Molaison could recall events he experienced prior to the surgery but was unable to form new conscious memories.Molaison's memory difficulty most clearly illustrates

One child who participated in a memory experiment falsely remembered that he once went to the hospital because he had caught his finger in a mousetrap.His false memory best illustrated the impact of