Question 1

Byong Yu just turned 60 years old.He's been an avid reader since he was a child,absorbing information about all kinds of disparate topics.He now feels ready to use his accumulated knowledge to create a book of crossword puzzles.The resulting puzzles would demonstrate his
A) constant intelligence.
B) fluid intelligence.
C) cross intelligence.
D) crystallized intelligence.

Accepted Answer

Crystallized intelligence refers to accumulated knowledge and skills, including vocabulary and cultural information. Byong Yu's extensive reading and accumulated knowledge indicate that he is utilizing his crystallized intelligence to create crossword puzzles.

Question 2

On which of the following tasks are 55-year-old adults most likely to perform just as effectively as they could 30 years earlier?
A) writing a story
B) solving an abstract geometry problem
C) recalling the names of recently introduced strangers
D) repeating numbers in the opposite order they were presented

Accepted Answer

Writing a story involves crystallized intelligence, which refers to the use of skills, knowledge, and experience. This type of intelligence tends to remain stable or even improve with age, unlike tasks that require fluid intelligence (such as solving abstract problems or recalling new information), which tends to decline.

Question 3

Which of the following is a major limitation of longitudinal studies?
A) They compare people of different ages.
B) They compare people who were born in different eras.
C) Participants may withdraw from the study or not survive until the end of the study.
D) They compare the same people over an extended period of time.

Accepted Answer

Participants in longitudinal studies may withdraw from the study or not survive until the end of the study, making it difficult to maintain a consistent sample size over time. This can limit the accuracy and generalizability of study findings.

Question 4

Research has found that older adults tend to outperform younger adults in their responses to New York Times crossword puzzles.The superior performance of these older adults best illustrates the value of
A) cohorts.
B) fluid intelligence.
C) cross-sectional studies
D) crystallized intelligence.

Accepted Answer

Crystallized intelligence refers to accumulated knowledge and skills, which generally increases with age. The fact that older adults perform better on crossword puzzles suggests that their greater experience and knowledge gives them an advantage.

Question 5

Which of the following terms refers to a person's ability to reason speedily and abstractly?
A) crystallized intelligence
B) cohort
C) Down syndrome
D) fluid intelligence

Accepted Answer

Fluid intelligence refers to a person's ability to reason speedily and abstractly, without prior knowledge or experience. It involves problem-solving and reasoning skills, such as pattern recognition, spatial ability, and logical thinking. It is considered an important aspect of cognitive functioning, particularly in tasks that involve novel situations or changing environments.

Question 6

Which of the following most directly suggested that intelligence declines throughout adulthood?
A) cross-sectional studies
B) cohort studies
C) longitudinal studies
D) correlational estimates

Accepted Answer

Cross-sectional studies compare people of different ages at the same point in time and have consistently found that older adults score lower on measures of intelligence than younger adults. This suggests a decline in intelligence throughout adulthood. Cohort studies follow a specific group of people over time and may not show decline in intelligence if the particular cohort being studied maintains high cognitive abilities as they age. Longitudinal studies, which follow the same individuals over time, may show some decline in intelligence but are subject to biases such as selective attrition. Correlational estimates do not directly suggest a decline in intelligence but may show relationships between various factors and intelligence.

Question 7

Crystallized intelligence refers most directly to a person's
A) accumulated knowledge and verbal skills.
B) ability to reason speedily and abstractly.
C) capacity for fluid intelligence.
D) willingness to revise beliefs in light of new information.

Accepted Answer

Crystallized intelligence is the knowledge and skills that are accumulated over time through education and experience. It includes things like vocabulary, math skills, and cultural knowledge.

Question 8

Children who are more intelligent live longer lives than their less intelligent peers.Ian Deary has suggested as one possible reason the fact that a high level of intelligence
A) promotes a socially independent lifestyle.
B) inhibits early childhood infectious diseases.
C) reduces the amount of time spent working.
D) facilitates a healthy lifestyle.

Accepted Answer

Ian Deary suggests that a high level of intelligence facilitates a healthy lifestyle, which could contribute to longer life spans among more intelligent individuals. This is because individuals with higher intelligence might make better health-related decisions throughout their lives.

Question 9

The stability of children's intelligence test scores over time is most positively correlated with their
A) chronological age.
B) mental age.
C) fluid intelligence.
D) crystallized intelligence.

Accepted Answer

The stability of children's intelligence test scores increases with age, meaning that as children grow older, their test scores tend to be more consistent over time. This is because various factors such as brain development, learning experiences, and educational opportunities contribute to the stabilization of intelligence measures as children age.

Question 10

Researchers assessed the stability of SAT scores by repeatedly giving the test to the same group of individuals over a 6-year period.The procedure used in this research best illustrates
A) a cohort study.
B) a longitudinal study.
C) a correlational study
D) a cross-sectional study.

Accepted Answer

A longitudinal study involves following the same group of individuals over a period of time and assessing changes or stability in a particular variable. In this case, the researchers gave the same group of individuals the SAT test repeatedly over a 6-year period to assess the stability of the scores, making it a longitudinal study. A cohort study involves following a group of individuals with a particular characteristic or exposure and comparing them to another group without that characteristic or exposure, which is not the case in this study. A correlational study involves examining the relationship between two variables, whereas in this study the focus is on stability of a single variable. A cross-sectional study involves comparing different groups of individuals at a single point in time, which is not what is happening in this study.

Question 11

Different age groups are tested at the same point in time in a(n)
A) longitudinal study.
B) cohort study.
C) cross-sectional study.
D) intelligence test.

Accepted Answer

Cross-sectional studies involve testing different age groups at the same point in time, whereas longitudinal studies involve testing the same group over an extended period of time and cohort studies follow a specific group over time based on a shared characteristic (such as birth year). Intelligence tests are a specific type of assessment and not a type of study design.

Question 12

Children of different age groups were asked to complete the WISC so that researchers could compare the performance of younger and older children.The procedure used in this research best illustrates
A) the Flynn effect.
B) a longitudinal study.
C) a correlational study.
D) a cross-sectional study.

Accepted Answer

The procedure used in this research is a cross-sectional study as it involves comparing the performance of children across different age groups at the same time. A longitudinal study would follow the same group of children over a period of time to observe changes in their performance. The Flynn effect refers to the observed increase in intelligence scores over time and is not directly relevant to this scenario. Correlational studies examine the relationship between variables, which is not the focus of this scenario.

Question 13

Assessing the stability of repeated intelligence test results gathered over the adult years of a single cohort would most clearly involve a
A) cohort study.
B) longitudinal study.
C) correlational study.
D) cross-sectional study.

Accepted Answer

A longitudinal study follows the same individuals over time, allowing for the assessment of stability or change in a particular variable. In this case, the intelligence test results of a single cohort over their adult years would require a longitudinal study to assess stability. A cohort study involves studying groups of individuals who share a common characteristic, while a correlational study examines the relationship between two variables. A cross-sectional study looks at a snapshot of a population at a single point in time, making it difficult to assess changes over time.

Question 14

To be diagnosed with an intellectual disability,guidelines specify performance on an intelligence test of approximately
A) 100 or below.
B) 90 or below.
C) 80 or below.
D) 70 or below.

Accepted Answer

Guidelines specify that individuals with an intellectual disability have an IQ score of 70 or below, which represents approximately the bottom 2% of the population. It is important to note that an IQ test is just one aspect of the diagnostic process and should not be used in isolation. Other factors, such as adaptive functioning, must also be considered.

Question 15

When Ian Deary and his colleagues retested 80-year-old Scots,using an intelligence test the Scots had taken as 11-year-olds,the correlation of their scores across seven decades was
A) -.16.
B) +.06.
C) +.16.
D) +.66.

Accepted Answer

A correlation of +.66 indicates a strong positive relationship between the intelligence test scores of the 80-year-old Scots and the scores they had received as 11-year-olds. This suggests that intelligence remains stable over a long period of time.

Question 16

One reason older adults are less likely than younger adults to embrace new computer technologies involves the decline in ________ that occurs during adulthood.
A) accumulated knowledge
B) fluid intelligence
C) verbal skills
D) crystallized intelligence

Accepted Answer

Fluid intelligence, or the ability to reason and solve new problems, tends to decline during adulthood while crystallized intelligence, or knowledge and skills acquired through experience, tends to increase. This decline in fluid intelligence may make it more difficult for older adults to learn and navigate new computer technologies.

Question 17

At a single point in time,researchers may test and compare the intelligence of members of different age groups.This bests illustrates a
A) longitudinal study.
B) cohort study.
C) cross-sectional study.
D) measure of fluid intelligence.

Accepted Answer

Cross-sectional study involves testing and comparing individuals from different age groups at a single point in time. Longitudinal study involves following the same group of individuals over a period of time, while cohort study involves comparing groups that were born in different time periods. Measure of fluid intelligence is a type of intelligence test.

Question 18

The idea that adult intelligence declines with age has been challenged most effectively by
A) cross-sectional research.
B) research on fluid intelligence.
C) tests that assess recall memory.
D) longitudinal research.

Accepted Answer

Longitudinal research is the best choice because it follows the same individuals over time, allowing for a comparison of their cognitive ability at different ages. This provides a more accurate assessment of cognitive changes with age, as opposed to cross-sectional research which compares individuals of different ages at a single point in time. Research on fluid intelligence, which is the ability to think logically and solve problems in novel situations, has also challenged the idea of age-related decline in intelligence, as it tends to remain relatively stable throughout adulthood. Tests assessing recall memory may show declines in specific cognitive abilities with age, but do not necessarily reflect overall intelligence.

Question 19

Research suggests that during early and middle adulthood
A) crystallized intelligence increases and fluid intelligence decreases.
B) crystallized intelligence decreases and fluid intelligence increases.
C) crystallized intelligence increases and fluid intelligence increases.
D) crystallized intelligence decreases and fluid intelligence decreases.

Accepted Answer

Crystallized intelligence, which is the ability to use learned knowledge and experience, tends to increase during early and middle adulthood, while fluid intelligence, which is the ability to reason and solve new problems independently of previously acquired knowledge, tends to decrease during this time.

Question 20

A longitudinal study is research that
A) tests different age groups at the same point in time.
B) assesses different characteristics of a specific individual on a single test.
C) assesses different characteristics of a specific individual on multiple tests.
D) follows and retests the same group of people over time.

Accepted Answer

A longitudinal study follows and retests the same group of people over time. Choices A and B refer to cross-sectional studies, which do not involve following the same individuals over time. Choice C may involve multiple tests, but it does not necessarily involve following the same individuals over time.

Quiz 30: Language and Thought

Byong Yu just turned 60 years old.He's been an avid reader since he was a child,absorbing information about all kinds of disparate topics.He now feels ready to use his accumulated knowledge to create a book of crossword puzzles.The resulting puzzles would demonstrate his

On which of the following tasks are 55-year-old adults most likely to perform just as effectively as they could 30 years earlier?

Which of the following is a major limitation of longitudinal studies?

Research has found that older adults tend to outperform younger adults in their responses to New York Times crossword puzzles.The superior performance of these older adults best illustrates the value of

Which of the following terms refers to a person's ability to reason speedily and abstractly?

Which of the following most directly suggested that intelligence declines throughout adulthood?

Crystallized intelligence refers most directly to a person's

Children who are more intelligent live longer lives than their less intelligent peers.Ian Deary has suggested as one possible reason the fact that a high level of intelligence

The stability of children's intelligence test scores over time is most positively correlated with their

Researchers assessed the stability of SAT scores by repeatedly giving the test to the same group of individuals over a 6-year period.The procedure used in this research best illustrates

Different age groups are tested at the same point in time in a(n)

Children of different age groups were asked to complete the WISC so that researchers could compare the performance of younger and older children.The procedure used in this research best illustrates

Assessing the stability of repeated intelligence test results gathered over the adult years of a single cohort would most clearly involve a

To be diagnosed with an intellectual disability,guidelines specify performance on an intelligence test of approximately

When Ian Deary and his colleagues retested 80-year-old Scots,using an intelligence test the Scots had taken as 11-year-olds,the correlation of their scores across seven decades was

One reason older adults are less likely than younger adults to embrace new computer technologies involves the decline in ________ that occurs during adulthood.

At a single point in time,researchers may test and compare the intelligence of members of different age groups.This bests illustrates a

The idea that adult intelligence declines with age has been challenged most effectively by

Research suggests that during early and middle adulthood

A longitudinal study is research that