Question 1

Describe the Asch experiments conducted on group conformity.

Accepted Answer

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Question 2

Summarize Simmel's work on dyads and triads.

Accepted Answer

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Question 3

According to a 2002 article in USA Today that was discussed in Chapter 5,a researcher found that 11 of the 15 largest companies have at least two board members who sit together on another board.This is referred to as:

Accepted Answer

The phenomenon described in the question where board members from one company also sit on the board of another company is referred to as interlocking directorates.

Question 4

A friendship group isn't an example of a formal organization because:

Accepted Answer

A formal organization typically has defined roles, structures, and rules governing the behavior of its members. A friendship group, on the other hand, is typically more informal and does not have the same formalized structure or rules. While friends may engage in collective activities, these are typically based on personal relationships rather than defined roles or responsibilities within the group. Similarly, while friends may have strong ties to one another, these ties are typically based on personal relationships rather than formal organizational roles. Finally, while a friendship group may continue even if one person leaves, this is not a defining characteristic of formal organizations.

Question 5

Which of the following is a federal law that eliminated quotas on national origins for potential immigrants to the United States?

Accepted Answer

The Hart-Cellar Act, also known as the Immigration and Nationality Act of 1965, eliminated quotas on national origins for potential immigrants to the United States. The other options listed do not pertain to immigration or quotas.

Question 6

Define what Cooley meant by primary groups and secondary groups,and give one example of each.

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Question 7

The ways in which power and authority are distributed hierarchically within an organization are called:

Accepted Answer

The ways in which power and authority are distributed hierarchically within an organization are referred to as its organizational structure.

Question 8

The study that analyzed the sexual networks of teens at 12 high schools is an example of how network analysis can inform transmission phenomena such as the spread of sexually transmitted infections (STIs).An advantage of network analysis over interpretive sociology is that it can:

Accepted Answer

Network analysis can reveal patterns in social structures that might not become evident through answers to direct questions.

Question 9

A process by which organizations face the same conditions,and ultimately tend to end up like each other,is known as:

Accepted Answer

Isomorphism refers to the process in which organizations face similar conditions and end up adopting similar structures, practices and cultures. This occurs due to external pressures such as compliance with regulations, social norms and expectations, and competition. Isomorphism can occur through three processes: coercive, normative and mimetic. Coercive isomorphism happens when organizations comply with laws and regulations. Normative isomorphism happens when organizations conform to professional standards or ethical values. Mimetic isomorphism happens when organizations imitate others that they perceive as successful or legitimate.

Question 10

Today,the legal approach to immigration in the United States is based on which of the following?

Accepted Answer

The US immigration system prioritizes family-based immigration, which allows US citizens and legal permanent residents to sponsor their relatives for legal immigration. This means that people's family preferences and ties are taken into account in the legal approach to immigration. Money, national origin, and English language proficiency are not the primary factors in determining eligibility for immigration to the US.

Question 11

A general rule found in research,known as "no cycles of four" within two romantic heterosexual couples,is that people rarely date the ex-partner of their own ex-partner's new boy- or girlfriend.What explanation is given for this finding?

Accepted Answer

The explanation given for this finding is that the replaced exes don't want to lose social status and be seen as "leftovers." They may feel embarrassed or humiliated if their ex-partner's new partner has been with their own ex-partner, as it may imply that they were not good enough or were replaced by someone better. This fear of being perceived as undesirable or low status may prevent people from dating the ex-partner of their own ex-partner's new boyfriend or girlfriend, leading to the "no cycles of four" phenomenon.

Question 12

C.Wright Mills's term for interlocking directorates is which of the following?

Accepted Answer

C. Wright Mills coined the term "power elite" to describe a small group of individuals who hold significant power and wealth in society. One mechanism through which this power is maintained is through interlocking directorates, where individuals sit on multiple corporate boards, allowing for shared influence and control over important decisions.

Question 13

A local organization values democracy and diversity and therefore solicits input on every decision it makes and uses recruiting strategies that are likely to attract a wide variety of applicants.These beliefs and behaviors are part of the:

Accepted Answer

Organizational culture refers to the shared values, beliefs, assumptions, and practices that shape behavior within an organization. In this case, the organization's values of democracy and diversity and the behaviors of soliciting input and using diverse recruiting strategies are indicative of a strong and intentional culture. The other options do not accurately describe this situation.

Question 14

The flagship university in your state recently completed a new state-of-the-art student center,complete with bowling alleys,fast-food outlets,group study space,and the latest green technology.Shortly after it was finished,almost every other university in your state began clamoring for a new student center,too.How would the theory of institutional isomorphism explain this?

Accepted Answer

The theory of institutional isomorphism suggests that similar organizations within the same industry tend to become more alike in order to conform to the expectations and norms of their shared environment. In this case, the shared environment is the higher education industry in the state, leading universities to adopt similar features such as modern student centers.

Question 15

An interlocking directorate is:

Accepted Answer

An interlocking directorate is when members of corporate boards sit on the board of directors for multiple companies. This allows for these members to have significant sway over multiple organizations and potentially create conflicts of interest.

Question 16

Because of the Hart-Cellar Act,immigrants who come to the United States today have it much easier than previous generations because they:

Accepted Answer

The Hart-Cellar Act of 1965 abolished the national origins quota system, leading to more diverse immigration. This has resulted in established immigrant communities that can provide support and resources to new arrivals, such as housing and job connections.

Question 17

Any social network that is defined by a common purpose and that has a boundary between its members and the rest of the social world is known within sociology as a(n):

Accepted Answer

An organization is a social network that is defined by a common purpose and has a boundary between its members and the rest of the social world. Political parties, narratives, and large groups may have some of these characteristics, but they do not necessarily have a defined purpose or boundary between members and non-members.

Question 18

Which of the following is true regarding the applicability of network analysis within sociological research?

Accepted Answer

Network analysis can be used in both micro-level and macro-level studies within sociological research. It can be applied to analyze social connections and relationships at individual, group, community, and even global levels.

Question 19

Former president George W.Bush and other religious and conservative policy makers' emphasis on abstinence programs and "virginity pledges" has led to a(n):

Accepted Answer

Abstinence programs and "virginity pledges" are intended to delay the onset of sexual activity among teens, aligning with conservative and religious values.

Question 20

When a single parent marries (or remarries),issues such as divided loyalties,the right to discipline,favoritism,and financial responsibility can prove to be volatile.Peggy,a single mom who has had sole custody of her 12-year-old daughter Sarah for ten years,recently married Tom.Tom has never been married and doesn't have any children.Provide examples of each of the three basic forms of relations (mediator,tertius gaudens,and divide et impera)that could emerge in this newly formed triad.

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Quiz 5: Groups and Networks