Question 1

Sandra's boss asked her to work this weekend,but Sandra feels obligated to attend a family reunion and she has to study for an exam.She is having trouble deciding which activity to let go.Sandra is experiencing:
A) enlightenment.
B) status inconsistency.
C) role strain.
D) status incompatibility.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Sandra's boss asked her to work this...

Question 2

Expectations that define appropriate or inappropriate behavior for the occupants of a particular status are called:
A) roles.
B) folkways.
C) identities.
D) simple norms.

Accepted Answer

Expectations that define appropriate or inappropriate behavior for the occupants of a particular status are called roles. Roles are the set of expectations, norms, and behaviors associated with a particular status. They guide the behavior of individuals and help them know what is expected of them in a particular social context. Folkways are informal norms that guide everyday behavior, identities are the distinct characteristics and attributes of a person that make them who they are, and simple norms are basic guidelines for behavior that are not tied to a particular status.

Question 3

Expected conformity,especially among teenage friends,is known as:
A) peer pressure.
B) adolescent angst.
C) teenage wasteland.
D) role conflict.

Accepted Answer

Peer pressure refers to the influence that teenage friends have on individual behavior in order to conform to group expectations or expectations of the group leader. It is a common experience for teenagers as they develop a sense of self and try to fit in with their peers. Option B, C, and D are not appropriate explanations for expected conformity among teenage friends.

Question 4

The sociological significance of roles is that they:
A) dictate the reality of a situation.
B) lay out what is expected of people.
C) come with clearly defined expectations.
D) are identical from one setting to the next.

Accepted Answer

Roles provide a clear understanding of what is expected of an individual in a specific situation or context. The social significance of roles lies in their ability to dictate behavior and provide structure to society. They are not identical from one setting to the next, but rather vary based on social norms and cultural expectations.

Question 5

According to research by Kohn and Schooler (1983)and Lareau (2003),parents of different social classes socialize their children differently.Which of the following statements best describes these differences?
A) Middle-class parents are more likely to stress independence and self-direction; working-class parents are more likely to instill respect for authority.
B) Middle-class kids have more opportunity to do what they want; working-class kids are involved in more structured activities.
C) Middle-class parents value obedience over independent thinking; working-class kids are taught to use logic and reason to support their choices.
D) Working-class parents are more likely to use time-outs as a form of punishment; middle-class parents are more likely to use spanking as a form of punishment.

Accepted Answer

Kohn and Schooler (1983)found that middle-class parents encouraged their children to be independent and self-directed, while working-class parents emphasized obedience and respect for authority. Similarly, Lareau (2003)found that middle-class parents were more likely to be involved in their children's education and provide them with a broader range of experiences, while working-class parents placed more emphasis on conformity and respect for authority. Therefore, option A is the most appropriate statement.

Question 6

A single mother who is experiencing incompatibility within her role,such as dealing with sleep deprivation and spending quality time with her children,may be experiencing which of the following?
A) peer pressure
B) resocialization
C) role conflict
D) role strain

Accepted Answer

Role strain occurs when there are difficulties in fulfilling the demands of a single role, such as a mother dealing with sleep deprivation while trying to spend quality time with her children.

Question 7

The popular television show Sesame Street was created with the explicit purpose of providing educational opportunities for low-income children.Being that this show was successful,we can argue that:
A) the media serves as a powerful socializing agent.
B) low-income children now have the same opportunities as their wealthier peers.
C) children are not affected by what they see on television.
D) the media has the power to erase the reproduction of inequality in society.

Accepted Answer

The success of Sesame Street shows that media can have a powerful impact on the education and socialization of children. The show was specifically designed to provide educational opportunities for low-income children, demonstrating the important role that media can play in addressing issues of inequality in society. However, the success of Sesame Street does not necessarily mean that low-income children now have the same opportunities as their wealthier peers, nor does it suggest that children are not affected by what they see on television. Furthermore, the media alone does not have the power to erase the reproduction of inequality in society.

Question 8

Annette Lareau,author of Unequal Childhoods (2003),makes a compelling case for the existence of different parenting values and practices between working-class and middle-class families.Which of the following statements best summarizes what she found?
A) Because schools are the "great equalizer," they play only a small role in shaping students' life chances.
B) Although middle-class and working-class families operate with different logics of child rearing, these different logics have minimal effects on children's life chances as they head into adulthood.
C) Children's life chances are primarily related to differences in aspirations, talents, and hard work on the part of individuals rather than parents' social class location.
D) Class differences, played out in the daily routines of parenting, have a powerful impact on children's life chances.

Accepted Answer

Annette Lareau's research in Unequal Childhoods found that class differences, specifically in parenting values and practices, have a powerful impact on children's life chances. She argues that working-class parents tend to emphasize obedience, conformity, and practical skills, while middle-class parents prioritize independent thinking, self-expression, and institutional knowledge. These differences in parenting styles can translate into advantages or disadvantages for children in terms of educational attainment, job prospects, and social mobility. Lareau's research challenges the notion that schools are the "great equalizer" and suggests that parental class background plays a significant role in shaping children's life trajectories.

Question 9

People and groups who influence our orientation to life and our self-concept,emotions,attitudes,and behaviors are:
A) generalized others.
B) total institutions.
C) agents of socialization.
D) always in secondary groups.

Accepted Answer

Agents of socialization are individuals, organizations, and institutions that help us learn and internalize the values, beliefs, and norms of our culture. These agents include family, peers, schools, religious institutions, and media. They shape our self-concept, emotions, attitudes, and behavior, and influence our orientation to life. Generalized others refer to the overall attitudes and expectations of society, while total institutions are places where individuals are isolated from the broader society and experience a highly controlled environment, such as prisons or mental institutions. Not all individuals or groups who influence us are in secondary groups, which are groups we belong to voluntarily and where relationships are based on mutual interests and activities.

Question 10

A recognizable social position that an individual occupies,such as student or professor,is known as a:
A) status.
B) role.
C) face.
D) total institution.

Accepted Answer

A recognizable social position that an individual occupies is called a status. A status can be thought of as a label that distinguishes one individual from another in terms of their position in society. Examples of statuses include student, professor, doctor, nurse, parent, child, etc.

Question 11

Venus Williams is one of the top women's tennis players in the world.This status overrides all of her other statuses and is known as her:
A) ascribed status.
B) achieved status.
C) status set.
D) master status.

Accepted Answer

Venus William's status as a top women's tennis player is her master status, which overrides all of her other statuses and is the primary way in which she is perceived in society.

Question 12

Janet has a paper due in her English class,a test in her psychology class,and field notes due in her anthropology class this week.On top of it all,she needs to meet with her advisor to plan out classes for next semester.Janet is experiencing:
A) role conflict.
B) status incongruity.
C) role strain.
D) status pressure.

Accepted Answer

Janet is experiencing role strain, which is the tension and stress that arises from trying to fulfill multiple roles with conflicting demands. In this case, she is trying to balance her academic responsibilities with her obligation to meet with her advisor, and the demands of her different classes are causing strain. Role conflict (A) refers to contradictions or competing expectations between different roles, while status incongruity (B) refers to a mismatch between one's actual status and their perceived or desired status. Status pressure (D) generally refers to the external pressures, expectations, or demands placed on an individual to conform to certain social expectations, and is not applicable in this scenario.

Question 13

In their book Preparing for Power,Cookson and Persell (1985)explore the role that private prep schools play in transmitting power and privilege to the students who attend them.As discussed in your textbook,which is the most important aspect of prep school education?
A) Private prep schools teach kids good manners and etiquette.
B) Private prep schools allow students to engage in more upper-class sports and activities.
C) Private prep schools link students to important social networks that will benefit them for life.
D) Private prep schools prepare students to give back to their communities by engaging in philanthropic pursuits.

Accepted Answer

According to Cookson and Persell (1985), the most important aspect of prep school education is the social networks that students are exposed to, which will benefit them for life. These networks provide access to powerful individuals and institutions that can further a student's career and social standing.

Question 14

Military boot camps and prisons are places that control all of the basics of people's day-to-day lives and are known as:
A) bureaucracies.
B) front stages.
C) total institutions.
D) ascribed statuses.

Accepted Answer

Total institutions are places where individuals are completely controlled by an institution, and all aspects of their daily life are regulated. This can include things like military boot camps and prisons. Bureaucracies are formal organizations that operate based on rules and hierarchies, but they do not necessarily control every aspect of an individual's daily life. Front stages refer to the part of an individual's social life that is visible to others, while ascribed statuses refer to the social status an individual is born into.

Question 15

Which of the following scenarios involves the use of peer pressure?
A) A young lady is whistled at by a group of boys as she passes them in the hall.
B) Two boys steal another boy's ball because he won't share.
C) Two friends decide to go hiking because they both enjoy it.
D) A student decides to go out for drinks after her friends make her feel guilty for studying too much.

Accepted Answer

Peer pressure refers to the influence that individuals feel from their peers to behave in certain ways or to conform to group expectations. In this scenario, the student's friends are pressuring her to engage in a behavior (drinking) that she may not have initially intended to do.

Question 16

Who developed role theory as a way to examine social interaction?
A) Karl Marx
B) Erving Goffman
C) Robert Merton
D) Charles Horton Cooley

Accepted Answer

The answer of Who developed role theory as a way...

Question 17

Although there are many agents of socialization,four of the primary ones,according to the textbook,are:
A) television, music, videos, and books.
B) schools, the military, colleges, and day care centers.
C) peers, religion, sororities, and fraternities.
D) family, schools, peers, and media.

Accepted Answer

The textbook lists family, schools, peers, and media as the primary agents of socialization. These four factors play a significant role in shaping an individual's beliefs, values, and behaviors from childhood through adulthood. While other factors such as religion, peers, and cultural institutions also influence socialization, family, schools, peers, and media are considered to be the most important.

Question 18

A drastic type of adult socialization that may occur when adults change environments is known as:
A) resocialization.
B) dramaturgy.
C) role conflict.
D) role strain.

Accepted Answer

Resocialization is a process by which an individual's existing behaviors and beliefs are altered through intense socialization, often in a new environment. This can occur when an individual enters a new institution or when their existing institutions fundamentally change.

Question 19

According to Annette Lareau (2003),working-class and poor parents focus on the "accomplishment of natural growth," while middle-class parents are more likely to engage in "concerted cultivation." In the "accomplishment of natural growth," children experience:
A) learning how to interact with adult authority figures, how to talk to strangers, and how to manage schedules.
B) lots of organized activities that are established and controlled by their mothers and fathers.
C) long stretches of leisure time, child-initiated play, and clear boundaries between the social life of children and adults.
D) assistance, monitoring, and intervention from parents in their schoolwork (e.g., choosing classes and navigating college applications).

Accepted Answer

The "accomplishment of natural growth" emphasizes a child's natural development without as much parental intervention or scheduling of activities. This includes unstructured playtime and clear boundaries between children and adults. Options A and D both suggest parental involvement in a child's academic and social life, which conflicts with the idea of natural growth. Option B suggests organized activities, which are not emphasized in the accomplishment of natural growth.

Question 20

Which of the following would be the best example of a total institution?
A) a Boy Scout troop
B) a political party
C) a sports team
D) a convent

Accepted Answer

A convent, as a place where individuals live, work, and socialize together in a highly controlled environment, is the best example of a total institution. In a convent, members are subject to strict rules and regulations, their every move is monitored, and their daily routines are highly structured. Other examples of total institutions may include prisons, military barracks, and mental hospitals. Boy Scout troops, political parties, and sports teams may have some elements of institutionalization but do not meet the criteria of a total institution.

Quiz 4: Socialization and the Construction of Reality

Sandra's boss asked her to work this weekend,but Sandra feels obligated to attend a family reunion and she has to study for an exam.She is having trouble deciding which activity to let go.Sandra is experiencing:

Expectations that define appropriate or inappropriate behavior for the occupants of a particular status are called:

Expected conformity,especially among teenage friends,is known as:

The sociological significance of roles is that they:

According to research by Kohn and Schooler (1983) and Lareau (2003) ,parents of different social classes socialize their children differently.Which of the following statements best describes these differences?

A single mother who is experiencing incompatibility within her role,such as dealing with sleep deprivation and spending quality time with her children,may be experiencing which of the following?

The popular television show Sesame Street was created with the explicit purpose of providing educational opportunities for low-income children.Being that this show was successful,we can argue that:

Annette Lareau,author of Unequal Childhoods (2003) ,makes a compelling case for the existence of different parenting values and practices between working-class and middle-class families.Which of the following statements best summarizes what she found?

People and groups who influence our orientation to life and our self-concept,emotions,attitudes,and behaviors are:

A recognizable social position that an individual occupies,such as student or professor,is known as a:

Venus Williams is one of the top women's tennis players in the world.This status overrides all of her other statuses and is known as her:

Janet has a paper due in her English class,a test in her psychology class,and field notes due in her anthropology class this week.On top of it all,she needs to meet with her advisor to plan out classes for next semester.Janet is experiencing:

In their book Preparing for Power,Cookson and Persell (1985) explore the role that private prep schools play in transmitting power and privilege to the students who attend them.As discussed in your textbook,which is the most important aspect of prep school education?

Military boot camps and prisons are places that control all of the basics of people's day-to-day lives and are known as:

Which of the following scenarios involves the use of peer pressure?

Who developed role theory as a way to examine social interaction?

Although there are many agents of socialization,four of the primary ones,according to the textbook,are:

A drastic type of adult socialization that may occur when adults change environments is known as:

According to Annette Lareau (2003) ,working-class and poor parents focus on the "accomplishment of natural growth," while middle-class parents are more likely to engage in "concerted cultivation." In the "accomplishment of natural growth," children experience:

Which of the following would be the best example of a total institution?