Question 1

Prior to the end of WWII,guidelines for research ethics were established

Accepted Answer

Prior to the end of WWII, there were no formalized guidelines for research ethics. The Nuremberg Code was established after WWII, in response to the unethical research conducted during the war.

Question 2

What kind of research was the focus for most of the early attempts to establish ethical research guidelines?

Accepted Answer

Most of the early attempts to establish ethical research guidelines focused on medical research with humans, particularly in response to unethical experiments performed during World War II, such as the Tuskegee syphilis study.

Question 3

Although the intent of informed consent is to provide participants with complete information about a research study before they agree to participate,often this is impossible because

Accepted Answer

Informed consent can be challenging because deception may be necessary, researchers might not have all details, and knowing the study's true purpose could alter participants' behavior.

Question 4

Which of the following is not an ethical principle identified in the Belmont Report?

Accepted Answer

Kindness is not one of the three ethical principles identified in the Belmont Report. The identified principles are respect for persons, beneficence, and justice.

Question 5

Which element of ethical responsibility requires special attention for populations such as young children or people diagnosed with mental retardation?

Accepted Answer

Informed consent requires special attention for vulnerable populations like young children or individuals with mental retardation, as they may not fully understand the implications and need additional safeguards or consent from guardians.

Question 6

The Belmont Report provides basic ethical guidelines for

Accepted Answer

The Belmont Report outlines ethical principles for the treatment of human participants in research, including respect for persons, beneficence, and justice.

Question 7

Under which of the following circumstances is informed consent not necessary?

Accepted Answer

Informed consent is not necessary in public opinion research where participants complete anonymous questionnaires as there is no personal information being collected and the participants have the option to not participate in the survey. However, in both drug studies and perceptual research, informed consent is necessary as it involves potential risks and participants need to be fully aware of their rights and the nature of the study before agreeing to participate. Furthermore, informed consent is always required unless there are specific circumstances where it is impossible or impractical to obtain it.

Question 8

Milgram's obedience study is ethically questionable because

Accepted Answer

The answer of Milgram's obedience study is ethically questionable because
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Question 9

The Tuskegee study involved

Accepted Answer

The Tuskegee study was a notorious example of medical research involving unethical practices. It involved withholding treatment from African American men with syphilis in order to observe the natural course of the disease, without their informed consent or knowledge of their true diagnosis. Therefore, choice B is the correct answer.

Question 10

According to the principle of clinical equipoise,it is unacceptable to conduct a study comparing two treatments

Accepted Answer

According to the principle of clinical equipoise, it is unacceptable to conduct a study comparing two treatments when one treatment is known to be more effective than the other. This is because it would be unethical to expose participants to a treatment that is known to be inferior to another treatment. The principle of clinical equipoise requires that there be genuine uncertainty or disagreement among experts about which treatment is more effective in order for the study to be ethical.

Question 11

The Nuremberg Code outlines basic ethical guidelines for

Accepted Answer

The Nuremberg Code specifically outlines ethical guidelines for the treatment of human participants in research studies.

Question 12

The Nuremberg Code was developed

Accepted Answer

The Nuremberg Code was developed following war crime trials after World War II in the 1940s. It established ethical principles for conducting medical research on human subjects and was a response to the crimes committed by Nazi doctors during their inhumane medical experiments on prisoners in concentration camps.

Question 13

The Milgram study involved

Accepted Answer

The Milgram study involved asking participants to administer what appeared to be severe shocks to other people in order to test obedience to authority.

Question 14

Which of the following is a concern for research ethics?

Accepted Answer

Research ethics involve not only treating participants with honesty and respect, but also being truthful in reporting the results and considering the impact of the research on those affected. Morality is a broad concept that includes ethical considerations but is not specific to research ethics.

Question 15

If a researcher explains what will happen in a research study using language that potential participants probably cannot understand,then the researcher has violated the intent of

Accepted Answer

Informed consent requires that the potential participants fully understand the nature of the study, procedures involved, potential risks and benefits, etc. If the researcher uses language that is too technical or difficult for the participants to comprehend, they cannot provide informed consent. Therefore, the researcher is violating the intent of informed consent.

Question 16

Which of the following is the focus of ethical concern?

Accepted Answer

The answer of Which of the following is the focus...

Question 17

Which of the following examples violates the ethical guidelines concerning deception?

Accepted Answer

Administering shocks without giving participants advanced warning and obtaining consent violates the ethical guidelines concerning deception because it does not provide participants with enough information to make an informed decision about their participation in the study.

Question 18

Clinical equipoise refers to

Accepted Answer

Clinical equipoise refers to the ethical principle that, in a clinical trial, there should be genuine uncertainty within the expert medical community about which treatment is most effective. This allows clinicians to provide the best possible treatment for participants without bias.

Question 19

Studies involving deception

Accepted Answer

Studies involving deception should not be done if the deception involves concealing possible harm. Ethically, the welfare of the participants should always be the top priority, and any potential harm should be fully disclosed and mitigated. All studies involving deception need to be reviewed and approved by an institutional review board (IRB) to ensure that they meet ethical guidelines, and participants should be fully informed of the nature of the study and any potential risks involved.

Question 20

If individuals are pressured into participating in research because the researcher is in a position of power or authority,then which ethical principle is being compromised?

Accepted Answer

The ethical principle being compromised is informed consent. Individuals should have the right to freely choose whether or not to participate in research without pressure or coercion from the researcher. Pressure from a researcher who is in a position of power or authority can influence the decision-making process of participants and compromise the validity of their informed consent.

Quiz 4: Ethics in Research