Question 1

If people score high on one measure and also score high on another measure,there is
A)a positive relationship between the two measures.
B)a negative relationship between the two measures.
C)no relationship between the two measures.
D)a cause-and-effect relationship between the two measures.

Accepted Answer

When people score high on one measure (e.g. intelligence) and also score high on another measure (e.g. academic performance), it suggests that there is a positive relationship between the two measures. This means that as the score on one measure increases, the score on the other measure also tends to increase. However, it does not necessarily mean that one measure causes the other. Further research or analysis would be needed to determine causation.

Question 2

Research results indicate that the more time individuals spend watching educational television programs as preschool children,the higher their high school grades will be.This is an example of a _________ relationship between variables.
A)cause-and-effect
B)coincidental
C)positive
D)negative

Accepted Answer

The statement suggests that there is a positive relationship between the amount of time spent watching educational television programs as preschool children and their high school grades. This means that as the amount of time spent watching educational TV increases, the high school grades will also increase. Therefore, the correct answer is choice C, which refers to a positive relationship between variables.

Question 3

The advantage of using an operational definition is
A)it guarantees a valid measurement.
B)it guarantees a reliable measurement.
C)it guarantees that other researchers will know exactly how you defined and measured your variable.
D)all of the other options are correct.

Accepted Answer

An operational definition ensures that other researchers understand precisely how a variable was defined and measured, promoting clarity and reproducibility in research.

Question 4

A disadvantage of using an operational definition is that
A)the operational definition may not be an accurate reflection of the construct.
B)the operational definition may leave out important components of the construct.
C)the operational definition may include extra components that are not part of the construct.
D)All of the other options are disadvantages.

Accepted Answer

All of the listed options are potential disadvantages of using an operational definition. The operational definition may not fully capture the construct of interest, leading to inaccurate or incomplete conclusions. Alternatively, it may include irrelevant or extraneous components that do not reflect the construct. Therefore, it is important to consider the limitations of an operational definition and continue to refine and revise it as needed.

Question 5

You develop a new measure of honesty and other researchers agree that it looks like an appropriate way to measure honesty.You have demonstrated
A)concurrent validity.
B)discriminate validity.
C)face validity.
D)reliability.

Accepted Answer

Face validity refers to the extent to which a measure appears to be an appropriate way to measure a construct, based on subjective judgment.

Question 6

What kind of validity requires that a researcher create two different measures of the same variable?
A)face
B)predictive
C)concurrent
D)convergent

Accepted Answer

This kind of validity is known as convergent validity and it requires that a researcher create two different measures of the same variable to see if they correlate highly with each other. This helps establish that both measures are truly measuring the same construct.

Question 7

A(n)________ measure produces similar results when the same individuals are measured under identical conditions.
A)valid
B)accurate
C)good
D)reliable

Accepted Answer

A reliable measure produces consistent results when the same individuals are measured under identical conditions. Validity refers to whether a measure actually measures what it claims to measure, accuracy refers to how close the measured values are to the actual values, and "good" is not a technical term in measurement.

Question 8

Which type of validity requires multiple research studies,usually conducted over a long period of time?
A)face
B)concurrent
C)predictive
D)construct

Accepted Answer

Construct validity requires multiple research studies to establish the relationship between the theoretical and the observed construct. This is usually done over a long period of time to ensure consistency and accuracy in the results. Face validity refers to whether a measure appears to measure what it is intended to measure, concurrent validity refers to the degree to which a particular measure agrees with another established measure of the same construct, and predictive validity refers to the ability of a measure to predict future outcomes.

Question 9

A variable such as intelligence that cannot be seen or measured directly is know as a(n)
A)theory.
B)theoretical variable.
C)operational variable.
D)construct.

Accepted Answer

A construct is a hypothetical concept or explanatory concept that cannot be directly observed or measured, such as intelligence, personality, or motivation. It is an abstract idea that is inferred based on observable and measurable behaviors or characteristics.

Question 10

A researcher developed a new intelligence test for elementary school children.However,the researcher fears that the scores from the test may actually be measuring the children's reading ability.To show that the test is really measuring intelligence and not reading ability,the researcher must demonstrate ________ validity.
A)face
B)concurrent
C)convergent
D)divergent

Accepted Answer

Divergent validity, also called discriminant validity, indicates that a test is measuring something distinct from other tests that it should not be related to. In this case, the researcher wants to show that the intelligence test scores are not related to the children's reading abilities, which means that the test has divergent validity.

Question 11

A measurement procedure is valid if it
A)produces measurements that are stable and consistent.
B)measures what you intend it to measure.
C)produces measurements that make sense.
D)produces measurements that are obvious.

Accepted Answer

A valid measurement procedure is one that accurately measures what it is intended to measure. Stability and consistency (option A) are important aspects of reliability, but not necessarily validity. Making sense (option C) is subjective and can vary depending on the context of the measurement. Obviousness (option D) is not a relevant criterion for validity.

Question 12

If people score high on one measure and score low on another measure,there is
A)a positive relationship between the two measures.
B)a negative relationship between the two measures.
C)no relationship between the two measures.
D)a cause-and-effect relationship between the two measures.

Accepted Answer

When people score high on one measure and score low on another measure, it implies that there is a negative relationship between the two measures. This means that as one measure goes up, the other measure tends to go down.

Question 13

One measurement concern is that
A)the measurement may not be an accurate reflection of the construct.
B)the measurement may leave out important components of the construct.
C)the measurement may include extra components that are not part of the construct.
D)All of the other options are concerns.

Accepted Answer

All of the options listed are concerns that can affect the validity of a measurement. A measurement may not be accurate if it does not accurately reflect the construct being measured. It may leave out important components that are essential to the construct, or include extra components that are not part of the construct. All of these concerns need to be considered when evaluating the validity of a measurement.

Question 14

You develop a new measure of honesty and you find that people who score high on your measure show more honest behavior than people who score low.You have demonstrated
A)concurrent validity.
B)divergent validity.
C)predictive validity.
D)reliability.

Accepted Answer

Predictive validity is when a measure accurately predicts future behavior or outcomes. In this case, the new measure of honesty accurately predicts honest behavior, so it demonstrates predictive validity. Concurrent validity would require comparing the new measure to an established measure of honesty, while divergent validity would require demonstrating that the new measure is not simply measuring another construct entirely. Reliability refers to the consistency of the measure over time and is not demonstrated by finding a correlation between the measure and behavior.

Question 15

The textbook describes a study by McClelland (1958)in which the need-for-achievement test was administered to a group of children and then the children were observed while they played a ring-toss game.The purpose of this study was to establish _______ validity for the test.
A)face
B)concurrent
C)predictive
D)convergent

Accepted Answer

The purpose of the study was to see if the need-for-achievement test would predict achievement-related behavior (winning the game) in a non-test situation (playing the ring-toss game). This establishes predictive validity for the test. Face validity refers to whether a test appears, on the surface, to measure what it claims to measure. Concurrent validity refers to whether a test correlates with a similar test that is already established as valid. Convergent validity refers to whether a test correlates with another test that it should be related to based on theory.

Question 16

You develop a new measure of self-efficacy and you find that people who score high on your measure also score high on a standardized measure of self-efficacy.You have demonstrated
A)concurrent validity.
B)divergent validity.
C)predictive validity.
D)reliability.

Accepted Answer

Concurrent validity refers to the degree to which a new measure is correlated with an established measure of the same construct administered during the same period of time. In this scenario, the new measure of self-efficacy is positively correlated with the standardized measure of self-efficacy, indicating that it has concurrent validity. Divergent validity would refer to the degree to which the new measure is not correlated with measures of unrelated constructs. Predictive validity would refer to the degree to which the new measure can predict future outcomes. Reliability refers to the consistency of measurement results over time.

Question 17

Using number of facial smiles in a 60-second period as a definition and a measurement of happiness is an example of ________ happiness.
A)validating
B)operationalizing
C)desynchronizing
D)sensitizing

Accepted Answer

Operationalizing refers to the process of defining and measuring a construct in a specific and measurable way. The use of number of facial smiles in a 60-second period is an example of operationalizing happiness.

Question 18

If people score low on one measure and also score low on another measure,there is
A)a positive relationship between the two measures.
B)a negative relationship between the two measures.
C)no relationship between the two measures.
D)a cause-and-effect relationship between the two measures.

Accepted Answer

The answer of If people score low on one measure...

Question 19

A research study reports that participants who scored high on a new test measuring self-esteem made eye contact during an interview whereas participants who scored low on the test avoided eye contact.Assuming that more eye contact is associated with higher self-esteem,this study is a demonstration of ________ validity.
A)face
B)concurrent
C)predictive
D)convergent

Accepted Answer

This study is examining whether a new test measuring self-esteem (predictor variable) is able to predict a behavior (eye contact during an interview) that is associated with higher self-esteem. Therefore, it is a demonstration of predictive validity. Face validity refers to the extent to which a measure appears to assess the construct of interest. Concurrent validity refers to the extent to which a measure is related to a criterion measure collected at the same time. Convergent validity refers to the extent to which a measure is related to other measures of the same construct.

Question 20

It is possible for psychologists to study variables such as hunger,motivation,and self-esteem because these variables can be measured by
A)hypothetical constructs.
B)interval or ratio scales.
C)operational definitions.
D)participant reactivity.

Accepted Answer

Hunger, motivation, and self-esteem are abstract concepts that cannot be directly observed or quantified. Therefore, psychologists use operational definitions, which define the variable in terms of specific procedures or measurements, that allow these variables to be measured and studied.

Quiz 3: Defining and Measuring Variables

If people score high on one measure and also score high on another measure,there is

Research results indicate that the more time individuals spend watching educational television programs as preschool children,the higher their high school grades will be.This is an example of a _________ relationship between variables.

The advantage of using an operational definition is

A disadvantage of using an operational definition is that

You develop a new measure of honesty and other researchers agree that it looks like an appropriate way to measure honesty.You have demonstrated

What kind of validity requires that a researcher create two different measures of the same variable?

A(n) ________ measure produces similar results when the same individuals are measured under identical conditions.

Which type of validity requires multiple research studies,usually conducted over a long period of time?

A variable such as intelligence that cannot be seen or measured directly is know as a(n)

A measurement procedure is valid if it

If people score high on one measure and score low on another measure,there is

One measurement concern is that

You develop a new measure of honesty and you find that people who score high on your measure show more honest behavior than people who score low.You have demonstrated

The textbook describes a study by McClelland (1958) in which the need-for-achievement test was administered to a group of children and then the children were observed while they played a ring-toss game.The purpose of this study was to establish _______ validity for the test.

You develop a new measure of self-efficacy and you find that people who score high on your measure also score high on a standardized measure of self-efficacy.You have demonstrated

Using number of facial smiles in a 60-second period as a definition and a measurement of happiness is an example of ________ happiness.

If people score low on one measure and also score low on another measure,there is

It is possible for psychologists to study variables such as hunger,motivation,and self-esteem because these variables can be measured by