Question 1

For an infant to unlearn a fear response that has been classically conditioning,the process of counterconditioning can be used.

Accepted Answer

Counterconditioning can involve the process of pairing the feared stimulus with a positive or neutral stimulus to help the infant to unlearn the fear response. This is a form of classical conditioning that can be effective in altering the infant's response to the feared stimulus.

Question 2

The ultimate goal of negative reinforcement is to strengthen behavior.

Accepted Answer

Negative reinforcement involves removing an unpleasant consequence when a desired behavior is displayed. This increases the likelihood of the behavior being repeated in the future, therefore strengthening the behavior.

Question 3

Money is a primary reinforcer.

Accepted Answer

Money is considered a secondary reinforcer because its value is learned and derived from its ability to be exchanged for primary reinforcers (such as food, water, shelter) or other secondary reinforcers.

Question 4

Learned taste aversions are an example of the role of _______ factors in learning.

Accepted Answer

Learned taste aversions occur when an individual associates the taste of a certain food with unpleasant symptoms such as nausea or vomiting. This learning process is heavily influenced by biological factors, as it involves the body's natural response to potentially harmful substances.

Question 5

Learning is any relatively permanent change in behavior due to the passage of time.

Accepted Answer

Learning is any relatively permanent change in behavior brought about by experience or practice, not merely due to the passage of time.

Question 6

In a ratio schedule of reinforcement,the number of responses made determines when the reinforcer will be given.

Accepted Answer

In a ratio schedule of reinforcement, the reinforcements are given after a certain number of responses have been made, making the number of responses a determinant of when the reinforcer will be given.

Question 7

The abbreviation UCS stands for uncontrollable stimulus.

Accepted Answer

The abbreviation UCS actually stands for Unconditioned Stimulus in classical conditioning.

Question 8

Some guidelines for chemotherapy patients have been developed through our understanding of how learned taste aversions are conditioned.Which of the following would help a chemotherapy patient avoid a learned taste aversion?

Accepted Answer

The answer of Some guidelines for chemotherapy patients have been...

Question 9

In classical conditioning,learning will occur more quickly when the UCS precedes the CS.

Accepted Answer

In classical conditioning, learning occurs more quickly when the conditioned stimulus (CS) precedes the unconditioned stimulus (UCS), not the other way around. This order allows the organism to learn the association between the two stimuli effectively.

Question 10

Observational learning is the form of learning in which the consequences of behavior lead to changes in the likelihood of that behavior reoccurring.

Accepted Answer

Observational learning involves learning by watching others, modeling their behavior, and noting the consequences of their actions, rather than learning through direct experience of consequences.

Question 11

Positive reinforcement is more effective when the delay of reinforcement is minimized.

Accepted Answer

Positive reinforcement is more effective when it is given immediately after the desired behavior. This reduces the delay between the behavior and the reinforcement, allowing for a stronger association to be made between the two. A delay in reinforcement can weaken the association and make it less effective in promoting the desired behavior.

Question 12

On a variable interval schedule,the reinforcer is obtained only after a varying number of responses have been made.

Accepted Answer

In a variable interval schedule, the reinforcer is given for the first response after a varying amount of time has passed, not based on the number of responses made.

Question 13

Positive reinforcement,negative reinforcement,and punishment are terms associated with operant conditioning.

Accepted Answer

Positive reinforcement, negative reinforcement, and punishment are indeed terms associated with operant conditioning.

Question 14

Secondary reinforcers are acquired through learning.

Accepted Answer

Secondary reinforcers, also known as conditioned reinforcers, are learned through associations with primary reinforcers, such as food or water. Examples of secondary reinforcers include money, praise, or social recognition, which have been learned to have value through experiences and conditioning.

Question 15

The key element in classical conditioning is association.

Accepted Answer

Classical conditioning is a learning process where an association is made between a neutral stimulus and a conditioned stimulus, which leads to a learned response. Therefore, association is the key element in classical conditioning.

Question 16

In Pavlov's classic experiment,the unconditioned stimulus was the sound of a metronome.

Accepted Answer

In Pavlov's classic experiment, the unconditioned stimulus was food, not the sound of a metronome. The metronome was a neutral stimulus that became associated with the food through conditioning, leading to the conditioned response of salivation when the metronome was presented alone.

Question 17

All changes in behavior are the result of learning.

Accepted Answer

Some changes in behavior are innate or instinctual, not learned, and can be the result of genetic predispositions, biological factors, or reflexive responses to certain stimuli.

Question 18

Operant conditioning was first described by John B.Watson based on the study of Little Albert.

Accepted Answer

Operant conditioning was first described by B.F. Skinner, not John B. Watson. Additionally, Little Albert was the subject of a classical conditioning experiment conducted by Watson, not a study of operant conditioning.

Question 19

The method of successive approximations is also called shaping.

Accepted Answer

The method of successive approximations is often referred to as shaping in psychology and behaviorism, as it involves gradually building up a new behavior through a series of small steps or approximations.

Question 20

Ivan Pavlov is considered one of the first to study what is now called classical conditioning.

Accepted Answer

Ivan Pavlov is widely regarded as the first to study classical conditioning, also known as Pavlovian conditioning or respondent conditioning.

Quiz 7: Basic Principles of Learning