Question 1

Jill was trying to operantly condition her dog to roll over.Each time her dog rolled over she immediately said "good dog." However,the dog did not learn to roll over on command.Which of the following may best explain why?
A) Jill used inconsistent reinforcement.
B) The CS did not match the CR.
C) Jill should have delayed the reinforcement.
D) Saying "good dog" was not reinforcing to her dog.

Accepted Answer

The effectiveness of operant conditioning depends on the reinforcement being something that the subject finds rewarding. If saying "good dog" was not reinforcing to her dog, it would not serve as an effective motivator for the dog to learn the desired behavior. Reinforcement must be something that the animal finds rewarding for it to have an impact on behavior.

Question 2

Many psychiatric hospitals offer patients the chance to perform chores in exchange for tokens.The patients can use these tokens to purchase items at the hospital store.This system is an example of
A) secondary reinforcement.
B) primary reinforcement.
C) negative reinforcement.
D) cognitive restructuring.

Accepted Answer

Secondary reinforcement refers to a situation where a stimulus is associated with a primary reinforcer (such as food, water, or sex) and then acquires reinforcing properties of its own. In this case, the tokens are associated with the ability to purchase items at the hospital store, which serves as the primary reinforcer. The patients perform chores (a behavior) to earn tokens (a secondary reinforcer) that can be exchanged for the primary reinforcer (items at the hospital store).

Question 3

Regarding learning,______ has occurred when the consequence of a behavior leads to an increased probability of that behavior being repeated in the future.
A) observational learning
B) positive reinforcement
C) punishment
D) latent learning

Accepted Answer

Positive reinforcement is the process of increasing the likelihood of a behavior being repeated in the future by providing a desirable consequence immediately following the behavior. This desirable consequence can be something like praise, a reward, or other positive feedback. This type of learning is often used in behavior modification and can be a powerful tool in shaping behavior.

Question 4

In positive reinforcement,the consequences of a behavior are ______ and the behavior is likely to occur ______.
A) positive;less
B) negative;less
C) positive;more
D) negative;more

Accepted Answer

Positive reinforcement involves adding a positive consequence (such as a reward or praise) to increase the likelihood of a behavior occurring again in the future. Therefore, the consequences are positive and the behavior is likely to occur more frequently.

Question 5

Assume that your class is going to have an oral quiz on the material in this chapter.For every two questions in a row that a student gets correct,the professor will add one point to the classroom participation grade.This is an example of a ________ schedule of reinforcement.
A) variable ratio
B) fixed ratio
C) fixed interval
D) variable interval

Accepted Answer

This is an example of a fixed ratio schedule of reinforcement because reinforcement is given after a fixed number of correct responses (in this case, every two correct responses).

Question 6

If a student in a classroom was given a piece of candy for every five words spelled correctly,the student's behavior is being reinforced on a ______ schedule.
A) fixed interval
B) variable ratio
C) fixed ratio
D) continuous

Accepted Answer

Reinforcement is provided after a fixed number of correct responses, which is every five words spelled correctly. This is a fixed ratio schedule. In a fixed interval schedule, reinforcement is provided after a fixed amount of time has elapsed, regardless of the number of correct responses. In a variable ratio schedule, reinforcement is provided after an unpredictable number of correct responses. Continuous reinforcement is providing reinforcement after every correct response.

Question 7

Primary reinforcer is to secondary reinforcer as
A) classical conditioning is to operant conditioning.
B) operant conditioning is to classical conditioning.
C) unlearned is to learned.
D) learned is to unlearned.

Accepted Answer

Primary reinforcers are unlearned and satisfy basic needs (e.g., food, water), whereas secondary reinforcers are learned (e.g., money, grades).

Question 8

If a student in a classroom was given a piece of candy for,on average,every three words correctly spelled,this would be an example of being reinforced on a ______ schedule.
A) continuous
B) variable interval
C) fixed ratio
D) variable ratio

Accepted Answer

The answer of If a student in a classroom was...

Question 9

An example of a fixed ratio schedule of reinforcement is the case of the
A) student who is greeted every fifth time she arrives in class.
B) instructor who is paid every two weeks during the year.
C) dean who visits the instructor's class when the mood strikes.
D) dog who retrieves the paper every day but gets rewarded infrequently.

Accepted Answer

A fixed ratio schedule of reinforcement is when reinforcement is provided after a fixed number of responses. In the case of the student who is greeted every fifth time she arrives in class, reinforcement (the greeting) is provided after a fixed ratio of five responses (arriving in class). This is different from the other options which either involve a fixed interval schedule (getting paid every two weeks) or variable ratio/interval schedules (the dean visiting the class when the mood strikes, and the dog being rewarded infrequently).

Question 10

Which of the following is an example of a secondary reinforcer?
A) physical activity
B) food
C) money
D) water

Accepted Answer

A secondary reinforcer is a conditioned or learned reinforcer that gains value or effectiveness through association with a primary reinforcer. Money is a good example of a secondary reinforcer because it has no inherent value or usefulness, but it gains value through its association with primary reinforcers like food or material goods.

Question 11

Which of the following is an example of a primary reinforcer?
A) grades
B) food
C) applause
D) money

Accepted Answer

A primary reinforcer is a stimulus that is innately reinforcing, meaning it is not learned through association with another reinforcer. Food is an example of a primary reinforcer because it is biologically necessary for survival and does not need to be learned as reinforcing. Grades, applause, and money are examples of secondary reinforcers, as they are learned to be reinforcing through association with other reinforcers such as praise, recognition, or access to desired items or experiences.

Question 12

Reinforcers that are acquired through learning are called _______ reinforcers.
A) primary
B) secondary
C) classical
D) conditioned

Accepted Answer

Secondary reinforcers, also known as conditioned reinforcers, are stimuli that become reinforcing through their association with primary reinforcers. They are not inherently reinforcing but acquire their reinforcing properties through learning.

Question 13

The idea of delay of reinforcement suggests that the ______ delay of reinforcement,the ______ the learning.
A) greater;slower
B) less;slower
C) greater;more accurate
D) less;less accurate

Accepted Answer

The idea of delay of reinforcement posits that the longer it takes for a reinforcement to follow a behavior, the slower the learning process will be. This is because the association between the behavior and the reinforcement becomes weaker with greater delays.

Question 14

Food,water,warmth,novel stimulation,physical activity,and sexual gratification are all examples of
A) primary reinforcers.
B) secondary reinforcers.
C) tertiary reinforcers.
D) latent learning.

Accepted Answer

Primary reinforcers are biological or innate needs such as food, water, warmth, and sexual gratification that are required for survival and motivation. Novel stimulation and physical activity can also be considered primary reinforcers as they promote physical and mental health. Secondary reinforcers, on the other hand, are associated with primary reinforcers and are learned through conditioning, such as money or praise. Tertiary reinforcers are more abstract and symbolic and can be earned through achievement or social recognition. Latent learning refers to learning that occurs without explicit reinforcement or external reward.

Question 15

Which of the following is an example of a fixed ratio schedule of reinforcement?
A) Reinforcement occurs every three minutes.
B) Reinforcement occurs after two rewards.
C) Two reinforcers are given every four minutes.
D) Reinforcement occurs after every 15th correct response.

Accepted Answer

A fixed ratio schedule of reinforcement delivers reinforcement after a specific number of responses. In this case, the reinforcement occurs after every 15th correct response, which is an example of a fixed ratio schedule.

Question 16

An interval schedule in operant conditioning,whether fixed or variable,is based on
A) the passage of time.
B) the number of responses.
C) the intensity of the response.
D) continuous reinforcement.

Accepted Answer

An interval schedule in operant conditioning is based on the passage of time, where a reinforcer is delivered after a certain amount of time has passed since the last reinforcement. This can be either a fixed interval schedule, where the amount of time remains constant, or a variable interval schedule, where the time between reinforcements varies. The other options listed (B, C, and D) are not correct because they do not directly relate to the timing of the reinforcement delivery.

Question 17

In positive reinforcement,the behavior that becomes more frequent is called the
A) latent reaction.
B) punisher.
C) effected law.
D) operant response.

Accepted Answer

In positive reinforcement, a behavior that becomes more frequent or likely to occur again in the future is called an operant response.

Question 18

When using positive reinforcement,the _______ should immediately follow the _______.
A) CS;UCS
B) UCR;CS
C) reinforcer;response
D) response;reinforcer

Accepted Answer

In positive reinforcement, the reinforcer (a stimulus or reward that increases the likelihood of a behavior being repeated) should immediately follow the response (the behavior that is being reinforced). This immediate reinforcement strengthens the association between the behavior and the reward.

Question 19

When every response is followed by a reinforcer,this is known as
A) stimulus generalization.
B) continuous reinforcement.
C) intermittent reinforcement.
D) extinction.

Accepted Answer

Continuous reinforcement occurs when every response is followed by a reinforcer. This type of reinforcement schedule can be useful for quickly establishing new behaviors or reinforcing existing ones. However, it can also lead to rapid extinction if the reinforcer is removed.

Question 20

A slot machine is programmed to pay the grand prize jackpot only once during every 100,000 plays.This is an example of a
A) fixed-ratio schedule.
B) variable ratio schedule.
C) fixed interval schedule.
D) variable interval schedule.

Accepted Answer

A fixed-ratio schedule rewards a response only after a specified number of responses, and in this case, the slot machine pays out after a fixed number of plays (100,000), making it a fixed-ratio schedule.

Quiz 7: Basic Principles of Learning

Jill was trying to operantly condition her dog to roll over.Each time her dog rolled over she immediately said "good dog." However,the dog did not learn to roll over on command.Which of the following may best explain why?

Many psychiatric hospitals offer patients the chance to perform chores in exchange for tokens.The patients can use these tokens to purchase items at the hospital store.This system is an example of

Regarding learning,______ has occurred when the consequence of a behavior leads to an increased probability of that behavior being repeated in the future.

In positive reinforcement,the consequences of a behavior are and the behavior is likely to occur .

Assume that your class is going to have an oral quiz on the material in this chapter.For every two questions in a row that a student gets correct,the professor will add one point to the classroom participation grade.This is an example of a ________ schedule of reinforcement.

If a student in a classroom was given a piece of candy for every five words spelled correctly,the student's behavior is being reinforced on a ______ schedule.

Primary reinforcer is to secondary reinforcer as

If a student in a classroom was given a piece of candy for,on average,every three words correctly spelled,this would be an example of being reinforced on a ______ schedule.

An example of a fixed ratio schedule of reinforcement is the case of the

Which of the following is an example of a secondary reinforcer?

Which of the following is an example of a primary reinforcer?

Reinforcers that are acquired through learning are called _______ reinforcers.

The idea of delay of reinforcement suggests that the delay of reinforcement,the the learning.

Food,water,warmth,novel stimulation,physical activity,and sexual gratification are all examples of

Which of the following is an example of a fixed ratio schedule of reinforcement?

An interval schedule in operant conditioning,whether fixed or variable,is based on

In positive reinforcement,the behavior that becomes more frequent is called the

When using positive reinforcement,the _ should immediately follow the _.

When every response is followed by a reinforcer,this is known as

A slot machine is programmed to pay the grand prize jackpot only once during every 100,000 plays.This is an example of a