Question 1

If a PET image is recorded while a patient is reading, many areas of activity on the PET image will have nothing to do with the cognitive activity of reading per se. That is why cognitive neuroscientists often use
A) functional MRI.
B) structural MRI.
C) the paired-image subtraction technique.
D) the additive-image control procedure.
E) EEG.

Accepted Answer

The paired-image subtraction technique is used by cognitive neuroscientists to isolate the brain activity specifically associated with a cognitive task, such as reading, by subtracting the brain activity recorded during a control task from the activity recorded during the task of interest. This helps in identifying the areas of the brain that are specifically involved in the cognitive process being studied, filtering out unrelated activity.

Question 2

During conventional Pavlovian conditioning, the conditional stimulus is repeatedly presented just before the
A) conditional response.
B) unconditional stimulus.
C) other conditional stimulus.
D) operant response.
E) classical stimulus.

Accepted Answer

In Pavlovian conditioning, the conditional stimulus (CS) is repeatedly presented just before the unconditional stimulus (US), which is what triggers the unconditional response (UR). This pairing of the CS and US leads to the development of a conditioned response (CR), which is a learned response that is similar to the UR but is produced by the CS alone.

Question 3

Which of the following is a commonly studied species-common behavior?
A) copulating
B) nest building
C) grooming
D) swimming
E) all of the above

Accepted Answer

All of the listed behaviors are commonly studied species-common behaviors in various animal species. Copulating and nest building are important for reproduction and maintaining the next generation, grooming is important for hygiene and social bonding, and swimming is an important way of movement for aquatic species.

Question 4

Normally, a male rat cannot intromit unless
A) it is all by itself.
B) it first displays lordosis.
C) the female first displays lordosis.
D) the female has a low lordosis quotient.
E) it first ejaculates.

Accepted Answer

In rats, intromission and ejaculation can only occur if the female first displays lordosis, which is a receptive posture indicating her willingness to mate. Male rats do not require prior ejaculation or being alone, and the concept of a "lordosis quotient" is not relevant.

Question 5

Which of the following is a commonly used measure of male rat sexual behavior?
A) number of mounts required to achieve an intromission
B) number of intromissions required to achieve an ejaculation
C) duration of the interval between an ejaculation and the reinitiation of mounting
D) all of the above
E) both A and B

Accepted Answer

All three of the correct options are listed in the text.

Question 6

In the open-field test, thigmotaxia is often used as a measure of
A) body temperature.
B) fearfulness.
C) sexual motivation.
D) obesity.
E) aggression.

Accepted Answer

Thigmotaxia is a behavior where an animal prefers to stay near the walls or edges of an open field, which is often associated with fearfulness or anxiety. Therefore, thigmotaxia is used as a measure of fearfulness in the open-field test.

Question 7

A common neuropsychological test of frontal-lobe damage is the
A) Wisconsin Card Sorting Test.
B) token test.
C) Rey-Osterrieth Complex Figure Test.
D) digit-span test.
E) block-design test.

Accepted Answer

The Wisconsin Card Sorting Test is a common neuropsychological test used to assess frontal lobe function. It involves sorting cards based on different rules, and requires flexible thinking, cognitive shifting, and working memory - all functions that are supported by the frontal lobes. Damage to the frontal lobes can result in deficits in these areas, which can be identified through performance on this test.

Question 8

In the open-field test, a high bolus count is frequently used as an indicator of
A) aggression.
B) fearfulness.
C) motor activity.
D) attention.
E) defense.

Accepted Answer

The answer of In the open-field test, a high bolus...

Question 9

The elevated plus maze is a commonly used test of
A) balance.
B) learning.
C) memory.
D) all of the above
E) none of the above

Accepted Answer

The elevated plus maze is a commonly used test of defensiveness or anxiety in the study of anxiolytic drugs.

Question 10

Dyslexia is a difficulty in
A) speaking.
B) reading.
C) understanding.
D) thinking.
E) fleeming.

Accepted Answer

Dyslexia is a learning disorder that affects a person's ability to read, write, and spell. People with dyslexia have difficulty processing words and symbols which often leads to difficulty in reading comprehension.

Question 11

A network of brain structures that tends to be active when a person sits quietly and lets her mind wander has been termed the
A) limbic system.
B) constituent cognitive processor.
C) default mode network.
D) cerebral paradigm.
E) paired-image subtraction mode.

Accepted Answer

The term "default mode network" is used to describe a network of brain structures that are active when a person is at rest and not focused on an external task. This network involves regions in the medial prefrontal cortex, posterior cingulate cortex, and angular gyrus, among others. It has been associated with self-referential thinking, mind-wandering, and processing of past and future events. The other options (A, B, D, and E) do not accurately describe this network.

Question 12

Illustrated here is the 
A) Washington Symbols Test.
B) Wisconsin Card-Sorting Test.
C) a classic test of parietal-lobe damage.
D) both A and C
E) both B and C

Accepted Answer

The answer of Illustrated here is the 
A) Washington Symbols...

Question 13

The open-field test is usually conducted in
A) a large, empty chamber.
B) the animals' natural habitat.
C) an open space in the animals' natural habitat.
D) a thigmotaxic chamber.
E) Iowa.

Accepted Answer

The open-field test is typically conducted in a large, empty chamber designed specifically for this purpose. This controlled environment allows for standardized testing conditions and easy observation of the animal's behavior.

Question 14

In most PET and functional MRI studies of cognitive processes, the signal-to-noise ratio is increased by
A) subtraction.
B) addition.
C) signal averaging.
D) signal splitting.
E) multiplication.

Accepted Answer

Signal averaging involves taking multiple measurements of the same process and averaging them together, which can increase the signal-to-noise ratio. This is a common technique used in PET and functional MRI studies to improve the quality of the data. Subtraction, addition, signal splitting, and multiplication are not techniques typically used to increase the signal-to-noise ratio in these types of studies.

Question 15

If a rat with its hair erect, moves sideways towards another rat and then pushes against it, the
A) first rat is likely sexually motivated.
B) second rat is likely a female.
C) first rat is likely a female.
D) first rat is likely a dominant male displaying social aggression.
E) second rat is likely dominant to the first.

Accepted Answer

When rats have erect hair, it is a sign of aggression or excitement. Moving sideways towards another rat and then pushing against it is a behavior that dominant males display when exhibiting social aggression. Therefore, the first rat is likely a dominant male displaying social aggression.

Question 16

Brain damage may produce selective language deficits associated with the sounds, grammar, or meaning of language. In other words, they may disrupt
A) syntax, phonology, or semantics, respectively.
B) phonology, semantics, or syntax, respectively.
C) phonology, syntax, or semantics, respectively.
D) semantics, syntax, or phonology, respectively.
E) semantics, phonology, or syntax, respectively.

Accepted Answer

The correct answer is C) phonology, syntax, or semantics, respectively. Phonology refers to the sounds of language, syntax to the structure or grammar, and semantics to the meaning.

Question 17

The elevated plus maze is commonly employed to study
A) memory in rats.
B) anxiety or defensiveness in studies of anxiolytic drugs.
C) aggression in drug experiments.
D) all of the above
E) both A and C

Accepted Answer

The elevated plus maze is commonly used to study anxiety or defensiveness in studies of anxiolytic drugs. It is not typically used to study memory or aggression in rats.

Question 18

Which of the following is a commonly used measure of the sexual receptivity of female rats?
A) postejaculatory interval
B) mount frequency
C) lordosis quotient
D) number of intromissions to ejaculation
E) number of ejaculations to intromission

Accepted Answer

The lordosis quotient is a commonly used measure of the sexual receptivity of female rats. It refers to the degree of arching of the female rat's back during copulation, which reflects her willingness to mate. A high lordosis quotient indicates a high level of receptivity. The other options are measures of male sexual behavior or male-female interactions.

Question 19

Most cognitive neuroscientific research is based on the assumption that
A) complex cognitive processes result from the combination of simple constituent cognitive processes.
B) each constituent cognitive process is mediated by activity in a particular area of the brain.
C) Almost all constituent cognitive processes tend to be localized in subcortical structures.
D) all of the above
E) both A and B

Accepted Answer

Most cognitive neuroscientific research is based on the idea that complex cognitive processes result from the combination of simple constituent cognitive processes, and that each constituent cognitive process is mediated by activity in a particular area of the brain. However, not all cognitive processes are localized in subcortical structures. Therefore, option C is not correct.

Question 20

In rats, boxing (rearing up and pushing with the forepaws) is usually a sign of
A) sexual motivation.
B) aggression.
C) predation.
D) defense against conspecific attack.
E) a lack of sexual motivation in alpha males.

Accepted Answer

The answer of In rats, boxing (rearing up and pushing...

Quiz 5: The Research Methods of Biopsychology

If a PET image is recorded while a patient is reading, many areas of activity on the PET image will have nothing to do with the cognitive activity of reading per se. That is why cognitive neuroscientists often use

During conventional Pavlovian conditioning, the conditional stimulus is repeatedly presented just before the

Which of the following is a commonly studied species-common behavior?

Normally, a male rat cannot intromit unless

Which of the following is a commonly used measure of male rat sexual behavior?

In the open-field test, thigmotaxia is often used as a measure of

A common neuropsychological test of frontal-lobe damage is the

In the open-field test, a high bolus count is frequently used as an indicator of

The elevated plus maze is a commonly used test of

Dyslexia is a difficulty in

A network of brain structures that tends to be active when a person sits quietly and lets her mind wander has been termed the

Illustrated here is the

The open-field test is usually conducted in

In most PET and functional MRI studies of cognitive processes, the signal-to-noise ratio is increased by

If a rat with its hair erect, moves sideways towards another rat and then pushes against it, the

Brain damage may produce selective language deficits associated with the sounds, grammar, or meaning of language. In other words, they may disrupt

The elevated plus maze is commonly employed to study

Which of the following is a commonly used measure of the sexual receptivity of female rats?

Most cognitive neuroscientific research is based on the assumption that

In rats, boxing (rearing up and pushing with the forepaws) is usually a sign of