Question 1

José was abused as a young boy but did not grow up to become an abuser himself.Instead,he led a fulfilling family life.Which of the following views of development is illustrated in this example?

Accepted Answer

The later-experience view of development suggests that later experiences can have a significant impact on an individual's development, allowing them to overcome negative early experiences.

Question 2

A hypothesis should be

Accepted Answer

A hypothesis must be testable, meaning that it can be experimentally or observationally evaluated to determine its validity. While a simple, accurate, and predictable hypothesis may be desirable, without testability, it cannot be rigorously evaluated and will not hold up to scientific scrutiny.

Question 3

A tadpole becoming a frog is an example of

Accepted Answer

Discontinuity in development refers to a clear change or transformation from one stage to another. In the case of a tadpole becoming a frog, there is a clear and distinct transformation from an aquatic, tail-wagging creature to a terrestrial, hopping one. This is an example of discontinuity in development. Cohesiveness in development refers to the interrelatedness and consistency of development, nurture's role in development refers to the impact that environmental factors have on development, and developmental stability refers to the degree to which development follows a predictable course.

Question 4

A researcher conducts an experiment to see which type of therapy is most successful in identifying marital problems.In this situation,the experiment is a part of the _____ step of the scientific method.

Accepted Answer

The experiment is a part of the information collection step of the scientific method, as the researcher is conducting an experiment to gather data and information to better understand the effectiveness of different types of therapy in identifying marital problems.

Question 5

A scientific hypothesis is MOST like a(n)

Accepted Answer

A scientific hypothesis is a proposed explanation or prediction for a phenomenon that can be tested through further investigation or experimentation. Therefore, it is most like a prediction, as it suggests what may happen in a given situation.

Question 6

After receiving feedback from colleagues on the results of her experiment,Dr.Chen determines that she must make some changes in her ideas about video games and their effects on children.Her decision reflects which step in the scientific method?

Accepted Answer

Dr. Chen's decision to make changes in her ideas after receiving feedback reflects the step of revising a theory in the scientific method. This step involves looking at the existing theories and making modifications or changing them based on new data or insights. In Dr. Chen's case, the feedback she received from her colleagues prompted her to re-evaluate her ideas and make appropriate changes.

Question 7

The _____ is the Freudian structure of personality that consists of instincts and is totally unconscious.

Accepted Answer

The id is the part of Freud's personality structure that is entirely unconscious and consists of instincts such as sexuality and aggression. The superego is the part of personality that develops through socialization and represents internalized moral standards, while the ego is the rational and conscious part of personality that mediates between the id and the external world. The subconscious is a term used to refer to mental processes that are not currently conscious but can be brought forward with effort, whereas the id operates outside of conscious awareness.

Question 8

According to the _____ view of development,each person is described as passing through a sequence of stages in which change is qualitatively rather than quantitatively different.

Accepted Answer

The discontinuity view of development posits that people pass through stages in which there are significant qualitative changes, rather than gradual quantitative changes. This view emphasizes the importance of critical periods and individual differences in the timing of developmental transitions.

Question 9

How would a developmentalist who emphasizes continuity describe puberty?

Accepted Answer

A developmentalist who emphasizes continuity would describe puberty as a gradual process occurring over several years, rather than an abrupt transition phase. This perspective emphasizes that development is a continuous process, with no clear cutoff points or sudden changes. Puberty is a natural and expected part of the process of growing and maturing, and its physical and emotional changes occur gradually over time as the body and brain continue to develop.

Question 10

Shawn is a psychologist from the United States.Lee is a psychologist from China.Which of the following statements is MOST likely to be correct about them?

Accepted Answer

Shawn is from the United States, where the dominant psychological perspective is behaviorism, which emphasizes the role of early experiences in shaping behavior. Lee is from China, where the dominant psychological perspective is Confucianism, which emphasizes the role of later experiences, such as education and social interactions, in shaping behavior.

Question 11

Freud claimed that

Accepted Answer

Freud's psychoanalytic theory emphasizes the importance of early childhood experiences in shaping later personality development. He believed that early experiences, particularly those related to toilet training and the child's relationship with their parents, would create lasting impressions on the individual's psyche and later behavior.

Answer: D
 This is not a correct statement regarding Freud's theory. While Freud did propose a series of developmental stages, they were focused on psychosexual development rather than cognitive development. The stages included the oral, anal, phallic, latent, and genital stages, each with its own set of unique challenges and conflicts to be resolved.

Question 12

A(n)_____ is an interrelated,coherent set of ideas that helps to explain and to make predictions.

Accepted Answer

A theory is a set of interconnected ideas that attempt to explain and predict phenomena. Doctrines are typically associated with religious or philosophical beliefs, while explanations and observations are not as comprehensive as a theory.

Question 13

Insects go through egg,larval,and adult stages of development.These stages best illustrate the _____ of development.

Accepted Answer

The term "discontinuity" refers to a theory of development that suggests that development occurs in distinct stages or steps, rather than continuously over time. Insects going through the egg, larval, and adult stages of development is a clear example of this discontinuity.

Question 14

The first step in the scientific method is

Accepted Answer

The first step in the scientific method is identifying and conceptualizing a problem or question to be investigated. Only after this step can relevant data be collected, a working theory be revised, and statistics be used to draw conclusions.

Question 15

A researcher observes how a teacher's leadership style affects classroom control.Which of the following steps of a scientific method is being carried out by the researcher?

Accepted Answer

Collecting data is the step of a scientific method being carried out by the researcher in this scenario. The researcher is observing the teacher's leadership style to gather data and information to analyze and draw conclusions.

Question 16

Which psychoanalytic theorist believed that our adult personality is determined by the way we resolve conflicts between sources of pleasure and the demands of reality at different stages of life?

Accepted Answer

Sigmund Freud believed that our adult personality is shaped by how we resolve conflicts between sources of pleasure and the demands of reality during different psychosexual stages of development.

Question 17

According to Freud's theory,as children experience the demands and constraints of reality,a new structure of personality emerges.It deals with the demands of reality and uses reasoning to make decisions.This structure of personality is known as the _____.

Accepted Answer

According to Freud's theory, the ego develops as children begin to interact with the external world and have to balance their immediate desires with the constraints of reality. The ego uses reasoning and logical thinking to make decisions that will help them satisfy their needs while also conforming to social expectations. The id represents primitive and unconscious drives, while the superego represents internalized societal values and ideals, making B)ego the best choice for the described scenario.

Question 18

Ben watches his mother make chocolate-chip cookies and knows she does not want him to eat any of the cookies before dinner.He is seriously tempted to help himself to a cookie or two once his mother leaves the room but decides not to because it is not right to do so.Identify Ben's Freudian structure of personality at work in this situation.

Accepted Answer

The superego is the part of the personality that represents a person's moral code and values. It strives to uphold moral standards and internalize a sense of right and wrong. Ben's decision not to eat the cookies shows that his superego is at work, as he is able to resist immediate gratification in favor of upholding his mother's rules and following his moral code. The ego, on the other hand, tries to satisfy the demands of the id in ways that are realistic and socially acceptable, and the id is the part of the personality that operates purely on the pleasure principle, seeking immediate gratification of desires and needs without consequences or restraint. As Ben is able to resist the temptation and choose not to eat the cookies before dinner, the superego is the most relevant structure in this situation.

Question 19

Which of the following theoretical perspectives of development describes development as primarily unconscious and heavily colored by emotion?

Accepted Answer

The psychoanalytic perspective, developed by Sigmund Freud, emphasizes the role of unconscious conflicts and emotions in shaping development. This perspective highlights the importance of early experiences and relationships in shaping personality and emotional development.

Question 20

If children from impoverished backgrounds are given individual attention by mentors,the children will spend more time studying and will,therefore,make higher grades.This statement is an example of a (n)

Accepted Answer

The statement is proposing a potential cause and effect relationship, and is therefore a hypothesis.

Quiz 1: Introduction