Question 1

_____ produces the single best solution to a problem.
A)Deductive reasoning
B)Convergent thinking
C)Divergent thinking
D)Inductive reasoning

Accepted Answer

Convergent thinking is the process of narrowing down multiple possibilities to arrive at the best possible solution. It involves logical and focused thinking that leads to a single best solution. Deductive reasoning and inductive reasoning are types of reasoning that may aid in convergent thinking but they are not the primary process. Divergent thinking, on the other hand, is a process of generating multiple options for a problem rather than narrowing them down. Therefore, option B, convergent thinking, is the best choice.

Question 2

Creative people engage in
A)divergent thinking but not in convergent thinking.
B)deductive thinking.
C)both convergent thinking and divergent thinking.
D)functional fixedness.

Accepted Answer

Creative people engage in both convergent thinking (finding the one correct solution) and divergent thinking (generating multiple solutions or ideas). Deductive thinking is a logical method of solving problems that does not necessarily relate to creativity, and functional fixedness is a cognitive bias that inhibits creative problem-solving.

Question 3

Standardization
A)refers to the ability to yield a consistent result to what it is intended to measure.
B)refers to the extent to which a test measures what it is intended to measure.
C)is the extent to which a test yields a consistent, reproducible measure of performance.
D)involves developing uniform procedures for administering and scoring a test, as well as creating norms, or performance standards, for the test.

Accepted Answer

Standardization involves creating uniform procedures for administering and scoring a test, and establishing norms or performance standards.

Question 4

Identify a fact related to creative thinkers.
A)They are usually superficial in their approach.
B)They are usually convergent in their approach.
C)They are engaged in objective evaluation of their work.
D)They tend to avoid taking risks in their decision-making process.

Accepted Answer

Creative thinkers engage in objective evaluation of their work, constantly seeking to improve and refine their ideas. They are willing to take risks and explore new perspectives, which requires a critical eye to evaluate what is successful and what needs improvement. A and D are incorrect because creative thinkers are known for their depth and risk-taking, respectively, and B is incorrect because creative thinkers approach problems with divergent thinking, exploring multiple solutions rather than converging on a single one.

Question 5

A high-school football coach decides to use the time taken to run up 100 stairs as a test for running endurance.He tests every team member on three consecutive days and finds that the times for each person are similar on all three trials.His test for endurance appears to have good
A)generativity.
B)generalization.
C)reliability.
D)standardization.

Accepted Answer

The fact that the times for each person are similar on all three trials indicates that the test has good reliability, meaning that it yields consistent results. Generativity refers to the ability of a test to yield multiple types of information, generalization refers to the ability of a test to apply to different situations or groups, and standardization refers to the process of ensuring consistent administration and scoring of a test. While some of these factors may be important for the overall effectiveness of the test, none are specifically indicated by the information provided in the question.

Question 6

Which of the following is true of individuals who think creatively?
A)Creative people make fewer mistakes than their less-imaginative counterparts.
B)Creative thinkers are flexible and play with problems.
C)Creative thinkers tend to be more inspired than less creative people by grades, money, or favorable feedback from others.
D)Creative thinkers feel that being wrong is a failure.

Accepted Answer

Research suggests that creative individuals are more flexible in their approach to problem-solving and are willing to play with ideas and possibilities. They do not necessarily fear being wrong, but rather see it as part of the creative process. Grades, money, and feedback may not be as motivating for creative thinkers as the enjoyment of the process and the satisfaction of coming up with new ideas. Therefore, options A, C, and D are incorrect.

Question 7

In the U.S., intelligence is defined as
A)a trait that is shaped entirely by genetics.
B)an all-purpose ability to do well on cognitive tasks, to solve problems, and to learn from experience.
C)the ability to know what to do and follow through with appropriate action, under most circumstances.
D)the ability to participate responsibly in family and social life.

Accepted Answer

In the U.S., intelligence is commonly defined as a general cognitive ability that encompasses the capacity to reason, learn quickly, solve problems, and adapt to new situations. This definition emphasizes the importance of both nature (genetics) and nurture (environmental factors) in shaping intelligence.

Choice A is incorrect because intelligence is not solely determined by genetics; environmental factors also play a crucial role. Choice C and D are too narrow and do not reflect the breadth of what is typically considered intelligence in the U.S.

Question 8

_____ refers to the tendency for two vivid stimuli, when they occur together, to become linked erroneously in memory.
A)Sunk fallacy
B)Illusory correlation
C)Endowment effect
D)Functional fixedness

Accepted Answer

Illusory correlation refers to the tendency to perceive a relationship between two unrelated events when they occur together, and this can lead to an erroneous link being formed in memory. This phenomenon is often seen in superstitious beliefs, where individuals erroneously associate unrelated events with one another. The other options listed are not related to this phenomenon.

Question 9

If a child's mental age is higher than her chronological age, this means that
A)the child's IQ is above average.
B)the child's IQ is average.
C)the child's IQ is lower than average.
D)the child's IQ is deteriorating.

Accepted Answer

Mental age refers to the level of cognitive functioning and abilities a child displays in relation to their age group. When a child's mental age is higher than their chronological age, it suggests that they have advanced intellectual abilities and are intellectually advanced than their peers. This indicates that their IQ is above average.

Question 10

Lionel is a CEO of a company that is in financial crisis.He asks his employees to brainstorm and create a list of all possible solutions to keeping the company in business.Lionel is asking his employees to engage in
A)convergent thinking.
B)divergent thinking.
C)heuristic thinking.
D)functional fixedness.

Accepted Answer

Lionel is asking his employees to engage in divergent thinking, which is a type of creative thinking that involves generating multiple solutions or ideas to a problem. This is in contrast to convergent thinking, which involves narrowing down or selecting the best solution from a limited set of options. Heuristic thinking is a problem-solving approach that relies on using shortcuts or rules of thumb, while functional fixedness refers to the tendency to see objects or problems in a fixed or rigid way.

Question 11

Flexibility, inner motivation, and willingness to face risk are characteristics of people who
A)use algorithms.
B)prefer to use convergent thinking rather than divergent thinking.
C)think creatively.
D)use inductive reasoning.

Accepted Answer

The characteristics described - flexibility, inner motivation, and willingness to face risk - are all closely associated with creative thinking. Therefore, the best choice is C) think creatively.

Question 12

Jessica has been searching for a new apartment.She has looked at several different possibilities and now must select which apartment best suits her needs.Choosing which apartment is best is an example of
A)convergent thinking.
B)divergent thinking.
C)inductive reasoning.
D)functional fixedness.

Accepted Answer

Convergent thinking involves analyzing information and considering multiple options to reach a specific solution. In this case, Jessica is analyzing the features and benefits of each apartment to determine which one is best suited for her needs.

Question 13

_____ is an individual's level of intellectual development relative to that of others.
A)Chronological age
B)Mental age
C)Psychological quotient
D)Cerebral quotient

Accepted Answer

Mental age is a measure of an individual's cognitive development compared to others of the same chronological age. It is typically determined through standardized intelligence tests and is used to calculate intelligence quotient (IQ). Chronological age refers to an individual's actual age in years, while psychological quotient and cerebral quotient are not commonly used terms in the field of psychology.

Question 14

When the scores on a measure relate to important outcomes, we say the test has high
A)reliability.
B)criterion validity.
C)standardization.
D)distribution.

Accepted Answer

Criterion validity refers to the extent to which a test score is predictive of a certain outcome or criterion. If the scores on a measure are related to important outcomes, then the test is said to have high criterion validity. Reliability refers to the consistency of the test scores, standardization refers to the process of establishing norms or standards for the test, and distribution refers to how the scores are spread out among test-takers. While these factors are important for evaluating a test, they do not necessarily indicate that the test is related to important outcomes, as criterion validity does.

Question 15

Which of the following is true of creative thinkers?
A)They may use established criteria to make judgments.
B)They make fewer mistakes than their less-imaginative counterparts.
C)They strive to evaluate their work subjectively.
D)They are motivated more externally than internally.

Accepted Answer

Creative thinkers may use established criteria to make judgments, but they also look beyond the established norms and think outside the box. They are not afraid to challenge the status quo and come up with innovative solutions, while still relying on established criteria to evaluate their work. Option B is not necessarily true as creative thinkers may take risks and make mistakes while experimenting with new ideas. Option C is not accurate as creative thinkers typically evaluate their work objectively and seek feedback from others to refine their work. Option D is not supported by research, which suggests that creative thinkers are often internally motivated by a desire for self-expression and achievement.

Question 16

Which of the following statements is true of convergent thinking?
A)It is best when a problem has only one right answer.
B)It occurs during brainstorming.
C)It produces many solutions to the same problem.
D)It is predominantly avoided by creative people.

Accepted Answer

Convergent thinking is a type of thinking that focuses on finding the single best solution to a problem. Therefore, it is most effective when there is only one right answer to the problem.

Question 17

If an intelligence test produces the same score over multiple administrations but it doesn't accurately measure intelligence, then the test is _____ but not _____.
A)reliable; valid
B)valid; reliable
C)inductive; deductive
D)divergent; convergent

Accepted Answer

A test that produces the same score over multiple administrations is reliable, meaning it is consistent in its results. However, if the test does not accurately measure intelligence, it lacks validity, meaning it is not measuring what it purports to measure.

Question 18

To find out a simple, yet accurate, way of measuring customer satisfaction, Carl, the human resource manager of a company, conducts a meeting and requires all employees to openly give their ideas and suggestions.He encourages them to think creatively and come up with as many ideas as possible, from which one will be chosen.Which of the following concepts related to creative thinking does this scenario exemplify?
A)deductive reasoning
B)brainstorming
C)semantic networking
D)mind mapping

Accepted Answer

The scenario exemplifies brainstorming, which is a creative thinking technique that encourages free-flowing ideas and suggestions from a group of people to solve a problem or come up with new ideas. Carl is asking all employees to give their ideas and suggestions to find a simple and accurate way to measure customer satisfaction. This is an example of brainstorming.

Question 19

Brainstorming is an example of
A)convergent thinking.
B)divergent thinking.
C)deductive reasoning.
D)functional fixedness.

Accepted Answer

Brainstorming is a method of generating creative ideas and solutions by encouraging individuals to think freely and explore different possibilities. This involves divergent thinking, which is the ability to explore multiple perspectives and ideas to arrive at a solution, rather than convergent thinking, which involves focusing on a single, logical solution to a problem. Deductive reasoning and functional fixedness are not relevant to brainstorming.

Question 20

Which of the following is usually a trait of creative thinkers?
A)dogmatic thinking
B)categorical thinking
C)risk avoidance
D)inner motivation

Accepted Answer

Creative thinkers usually possess inner motivation which drives them to think outside the box and come up with innovative solutions. Dogmatic thinking, categorical thinking, and risk avoidance are all traits that hinder creativity.

Quiz 7: Thinking, Intelligence, and Language

_____ produces the single best solution to a problem.

Creative people engage in

Standardization

Identify a fact related to creative thinkers.

A high-school football coach decides to use the time taken to run up 100 stairs as a test for running endurance.He tests every team member on three consecutive days and finds that the times for each person are similar on all three trials.His test for endurance appears to have good

Which of the following is true of individuals who think creatively?

In the U.S., intelligence is defined as

_____ refers to the tendency for two vivid stimuli, when they occur together, to become linked erroneously in memory.

If a child's mental age is higher than her chronological age, this means that

Lionel is a CEO of a company that is in financial crisis.He asks his employees to brainstorm and create a list of all possible solutions to keeping the company in business.Lionel is asking his employees to engage in

Flexibility, inner motivation, and willingness to face risk are characteristics of people who

Jessica has been searching for a new apartment.She has looked at several different possibilities and now must select which apartment best suits her needs.Choosing which apartment is best is an example of

_____ is an individual's level of intellectual development relative to that of others.

When the scores on a measure relate to important outcomes, we say the test has high

Which of the following is true of creative thinkers?

Which of the following statements is true of convergent thinking?

If an intelligence test produces the same score over multiple administrations but it doesn't accurately measure intelligence, then the test is _ but not _.

Brainstorming is an example of

Which of the following is usually a trait of creative thinkers?