Question 1

To observe the three-dimensional structure of a cell the best type of microscopy would be
A)fluorescence microscopy.
B)standard light microscopy.
C)scanning electron microscopy.
D)differential-interference light microscopy.
E)transmission electron microscopy.

Accepted Answer

Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) provides detailed three-dimensional images of the surface of cells, allowing for the observation of their three-dimensional structure.

Question 2

FtsZ,MreB,and CreS proteins regulate the shape and structure of bacterial (prokaryotes)cells.These proteins are homologous to the _______ in eukaryotes.
A)extracellular matrix
B)DNA processing enzymes
C)cytoskeleton
D)organelles
E)cell wall

Accepted Answer

FtsZ, MreB, and CreS proteins all function as part of the bacterial cytoskeleton and are homologous to eukaryotic cytoskeletal proteins. The cytoskeleton provides shape, support, and organization to the cell, as well as facilitating movement and division.

Question 3

Prokaryotes such as bacteria cells differ from eukaryotes in that prokaryotes
A)lack a membrane-bound nucleus.
B)DNA is located within the cytosol.
C)have a simpler structure relative to eukaryotes.
D)possess membrane-bound organelles.
E)they are relatively small compared with eukaryotes.

Accepted Answer

D

Question 4

In order to gain the highest resolution when looking at a cell the best type of microscopy is
A)phase-contrast light microscopy.
B)scanning electron microscopy.
C)differential-interference light microscopy.
D)confocal microscopy.
E)fluorescence microscopy.

Accepted Answer

Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) provides high-resolution images by scanning the surface of a sample with a focused beam of electrons. This technique is capable of producing images with higher resolution than light microscopy methods, allowing for detailed visualization of the surface structure of cells and other samples.

Question 5

When a friend falls to the floor after drinking too much alcohol the organelle that will best help them to detoxify will be
A)lysosomes.
B)smooth endoplasmic reticulum.
C)mitochondrion.
D)Golgi apparatus.
E)peroxisomes.

Accepted Answer

The smooth endoplasmic reticulum (SER) plays a crucial role in the detoxification of various substances, including alcohol, in liver cells. It does so by metabolizing the toxic substances into less harmful compounds that can be easily eliminated from the body.

Question 6

In order to visualize the fine structure of viruses and cytoskeletal filaments at 10-25 nanometers in diameter the type of microscopy that would be ideal is
A)standard light microscopy.
B)phase-contrast light microscopy.
C)transmission electron microscopy.
D)darkfield light microscopy.
E)differential-interference microscopy.

Accepted Answer

Transmission electron microscopy is the best choice to visualize the fine structure of viruses and cytoskeletal filaments at 10-25 nanometers in diameter as it uses a beam of electrons to create an image and can achieve a resolution of up to 0.2 nm. This level of resolution is necessary to visualize these small structures. Standard, phase-contrast, darkfield, and differential-interference microscopy are all based on the use of visible light and have lower resolution limits, making them unsuitable for visualizing structures at this size scale.

Question 7

Transmission and scanning electron microscopy differ because
A)transmission electron microscopy has high resolution,but scanning electron microscopy does not.
B)transmission electron microscopy shows contrast,but scanning electron microscopy does not.
C)transmission electron microscopy has much higher magnification than scanning electron microscopy.
D)transmission electron microscopy shows two-dimensional ultrastructure,while the scanning electron microscopy shows three-dimensional structure.
E)transmission electron microscopy uses light as an illumination source,while scanning electron microscopy uses electron beams as an illumination sourcE.

Accepted Answer

Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) both use electron beams as an illumination source and have high resolution and magnification capabilities. However, TEM shows two-dimensional ultrastructure as it uses a thin sample that is transmitted through by the electron beam, while SEM shows three-dimensional structure by scanning the electron beam over the surface of the sample and detecting the reflected electrons. Differences in contrast can also be attributed to differences in the preparation of samples for each technique, but the main difference in their imaging capabilities is the dimensionality of the ultrastructure they display.

Question 8

A fabric company wants to create a new material based on cell research for the army that is able to bear high levels of tension efficiently.What cellular structure should be the target?
A)Microtubules.
B)Intermediate filaments.
C)Microfilaments.
D)Centrioles.
E)Pili.

Accepted Answer

Intermediate filaments provide mechanical support and stability to the cell, and are known to bear high levels of tension efficiently. Therefore, targeting this cellular structure can result in the development of a new material that can withstand tension and stress, which would be useful for the army.

Question 9

The gonads produce steroids.The specific steroid-producing organelle in gonad cells is
A)ribosomes.
B)lysosomes.
C)smooth endoplasmic reticulum.
D)mitochondria.
E)contractile vacuolE.

Accepted Answer

The smooth endoplasmic reticulum is responsible for the synthesis of steroids, such as testosterone and estrogen, in gonad cells. This organelle contains enzymes necessary for the conversion of cholesterol into these hormones.

Question 10

The specialized structure that stores pigments,water,inorganic ions and maintains turgor pressure is the
A)Golgi apparatus.
B)vacuole.
C)peroxisomes.
D)vesicles.
E)lysosomes.

Accepted Answer

The vacuole is a specialized organelle found in plant cells that stores pigments, water, and inorganic ions. It also helps maintain turgor pressure, which is needed for plant cell structure and growth. The other organelles listed do not have these functions.

Question 11

The organelle responsible for the biosynthesis of proteins that are destined for secretion by the cell is the
A)Golgi apparatus.
B)lysosome.
C)vesicle.
D)endoplasmic reticulum.
E)mitochondria.

Accepted Answer

The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is responsible for protein synthesis and processing, including the synthesis of proteins that are destined for secretion by the cell. This process occurs on the rough ER, where ribosomes are attached to the surface. The proteins are then modified and processed in the ER before being transported to the Golgi apparatus for further processing and eventual secretion.

Question 12

The nucleus is to eukaryotes as the ________ is to prokaryotes.
A)plasmid
B)RNA strand
C)ribosome
D)nucleoid
E)nucleolus

Accepted Answer

The nucleoid is a region of a prokaryotic cell where the DNA is located. It is not enclosed in a membrane, unlike the nucleus of a eukaryotic cell.

Question 13

The route that most accurately describes secretory protein movement through the endomembrane would be
A)Golgi apparatus$\rarr$lysosome$\rarr$vesicles$\rarr$plasma membrane
B)plasmid$\rarr$plasma membrane$\rarr$nuclear envelope$\rarr$smooth endoplasmic reticulum
C)nuclear envelope$\rarr$vesicles$\rarr$Golgi apparatus$\rarr$plasma membrane
D)rough endoplasmic reticulum$\rarr$lysosomes$\rarr$vesicles$\rarr$cell membrane
E)rough endoplasmic reticulum$\rarr$ Golgi apparatus$\rarr$vesicles $\rarr$plasma membrane

Accepted Answer

Secretory proteins are initially synthesized on the rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER) and enter the lumen of the RER. From there, they are transported in vesicles to the Golgi apparatus for further modification and sorting. After sorting, the secretory proteins are packaged into vesicles and transported to the plasma membrane for secretion. Choice E accurately describes this movement of secretory proteins.

Question 14

Due to the lack of an enzyme to break down lipids,excess accumulation of lipids in the brain leads to a human disease called Tay Sachs syndrome.The organelle most likely to lack the proper enzyme needed for lipid breakdown is
A)lysosomes.
B)tonoplasts.
C)mitochondrion.
D)Golgi apparatus.
E)peroxisomes.

Accepted Answer

Lysosomes are responsible for the breakdown of macromolecules, including lipids. Therefore, if there is a lack of an enzyme needed to break down lipids, it is most likely that the lysosomes are unable to perform their function.

Question 15

Large numbers of ribosomes are present in eukaryotic cells that produce
A)steroids.
B)lipids.
C)glucose.
D)starches.
E)proteins.

Accepted Answer

Ribosomes are the cellular organelles responsible for protein synthesis. Therefore, the presence of large numbers of ribosomes in eukaryotic cells suggests that protein production is a key function of these cells. None of the other options directly involve ribosome function.

Question 16

Eukaryotes such as animal and plants cells differ from prokaryotes in that prokaryotes
A)lack a true nucleus.
B)lack true DNA.
C)use the cells membrane rather than ribosomes for making proteins.
D)contain numerous organelles.
E)undergo sexual reproduction.

Accepted Answer

Prokaryotes lack a true nucleus and their genetic material is not enclosed within a membrane-bound nucleus like in eukaryotes. Instead, their DNA is located in a nucleoid region in the cytoplasm.

Question 17

During a period of low water availability,the prokaryotic structure that would protect a cell from desiccation (drying out)is the
A)pili.
B)plasma membrane.
C)nucleus.
D)cell wall.

Accepted Answer

The cell wall in prokaryotes provides structural support and protection against environmental stresses, including desiccation. It helps to retain moisture within the cell, preventing it from drying out.

Question 18

The structure that easily distinguishes a plant or animal cell from a bacteria is its
A)chloroplasts.
B)nucleoid.
C)cell wall.
D)Golgi apparatus.
E)mitochondria.

Accepted Answer

The nucleoid is a structure found in bacteria that contains the cell's genetic material. It is not found in plant or animal cells, which have a nucleus that contains their genetic material.

Question 19

In animal cells,microtubules grow from
A)the plasma membrane.
B)the outer membrane of the nuclear envelope.
C)centrosomes containing centrioles.
D)dimerization centers located throughout the cytosol.
E)the tips of the chromosomes.

Accepted Answer

Microtubules grow from centrosomes containing centrioles in animal cells. The centrosomes serve as the main microtubule organizing center and help to regulate microtubule growth and orientation.

Question 20

The general structural and functional differences between a nerve and smooth muscle cell within an individual are a result of
A)the proteome (proteins in a cell)that differ between muscle and nerve cells.
B)the genome (DNA in a cell)being different between muscle and nerve cells.
C)the relative amounts of certain proteins between muscle and nerve cells.
D)the proteome and the relative amounts of certain proteins that differ between muscle and nerve cells.
E)the genome and the relative amounts of certain proteins that differ between muscle and nerve cells.

Accepted Answer

The general structural and functional differences between a nerve and smooth muscle cell are not just a result of differences in the genome (DNA) or the proteome (proteins in the cell), but rather a combination of both. The proteome plays a crucial role in determining a cell's function, and the relative amounts of certain proteins between muscle and nerve cells will differ. Therefore, choice D, which takes both the proteome and the relative amounts of certain proteins into account, is the best choice.

Quiz 4: General Features of Cells

To observe the three-dimensional structure of a cell the best type of microscopy would be

FtsZ,MreB,and CreS proteins regulate the shape and structure of bacterial (prokaryotes) cells.These proteins are homologous to the _______ in eukaryotes.

Prokaryotes such as bacteria cells differ from eukaryotes in that prokaryotes

In order to gain the highest resolution when looking at a cell the best type of microscopy is

When a friend falls to the floor after drinking too much alcohol the organelle that will best help them to detoxify will be

In order to visualize the fine structure of viruses and cytoskeletal filaments at 10-25 nanometers in diameter the type of microscopy that would be ideal is

Transmission and scanning electron microscopy differ because

A fabric company wants to create a new material based on cell research for the army that is able to bear high levels of tension efficiently.What cellular structure should be the target?

The gonads produce steroids.The specific steroid-producing organelle in gonad cells is

The specialized structure that stores pigments,water,inorganic ions and maintains turgor pressure is the

The organelle responsible for the biosynthesis of proteins that are destined for secretion by the cell is the

The nucleus is to eukaryotes as the ________ is to prokaryotes.

The route that most accurately describes secretory protein movement through the endomembrane would be

Due to the lack of an enzyme to break down lipids,excess accumulation of lipids in the brain leads to a human disease called Tay Sachs syndrome.The organelle most likely to lack the proper enzyme needed for lipid breakdown is

Large numbers of ribosomes are present in eukaryotic cells that produce

Eukaryotes such as animal and plants cells differ from prokaryotes in that prokaryotes

During a period of low water availability,the prokaryotic structure that would protect a cell from desiccation (drying out) is the

The structure that easily distinguishes a plant or animal cell from a bacteria is its

In animal cells,microtubules grow from

The general structural and functional differences between a nerve and smooth muscle cell within an individual are a result of