Question 1

Andy,age 3,took an hour-long test that yielded an overall IQ score as well as separate verbal and performance scores.The test he took was most likely the
A) Scale of Pragmatic Intelligence.
B) Wechsler Preschool and Primary Scale of Intelligence (WPPSI).
C) Zone of Proximal Development Scale (ZPD).
D) None of these; intelligence tests are not designed for children as young as age 3.

Accepted Answer

The Wechsler Preschool and Primary Scale of Intelligence (WPPSI) is specifically designed for children ages 2 years and 6 months to 7 years and 7 months. It provides separate verbal and performance scores and an overall IQ score, which matches the description of the test that Andy took. Therefore, B is the best choice.

Question 2

In evaluating private speech,________________ believed it represents egocentrism,and __________ thought that it helped children to integrate thinking and speaking.
A) Piaget; Piaget
B) Vygotsky; Vygotsky
C) Vygotsky; Piaget
D) Piaget; Vygotsky

Accepted Answer

Piaget believed that private speech represented egocentrism, whereas Vygotsky thought it was a crucial tool for children to integrate their thinking and speaking abilities.

Question 3

Vygotsky saw private speech as
A) reflecting unwillingness to communicate.
B) egocentric.
C) resulting from lack of social experience.
D) a way that children converse with themselves.

Accepted Answer

Vygotsky saw private speech as a way that children converse with themselves. He believed that private speech helps children regulate their own behavior, make plans, and solve problems.

Question 4

According to Vygotsky,a child who is in the "zone of proximal development" is
A) almost ready to perform a particular cognitive task independently.
B) in a transition between sensorimotor and preoperational thought.
C) able to perform certain cognition tasks at a later-than-normal age.
D) physically close to the mother, who provides a secure base from which to explore.

Accepted Answer

The "zone of proximal development" refers to the gap between what a child can do independently and what they can do with assistance. Therefore, a child in this zone is almost ready to perform a particular cognitive task independently.

Question 5

According to twin and adoption studies,family life has its strongest influence on intelligence during which period?
A) Infancy
B) Toddlerhood
C) Early childhood
D) Middle childhood

Accepted Answer

Twin and adoption studies suggest that family life has its strongest influence on intelligence during early childhood, between 3 and 6 years of age. This is when children's brains are developing quickly and they are learning a lot from their environment, including their family interactions and educational experiences. During infancy and toddlerhood, genetics and biological factors have a stronger influence on intelligence development, while during middle childhood, other factors such as school and peer interactions may become more influential.

Question 6

A young child is alone in a room,trying to put together a difficult puzzle.The child says out loud,"Maybe if you look for the pieces with the flat side first,it will be easier to finish the outside part." This pattern of private speech is most consistent with ______________ view of the function of this kind of speech.
A) Piaget's
B) Kohlberg's
C) Vygotsky's
D) Binet's

Accepted Answer

Vygotsky's view of the function of private speech is that it is a tool for cognitive self-regulation. Private speech enables the child to structure their thoughts, plan actions, and guide themselves through problem-solving activities. In this scenario, the child is using private speech to plan their approach to the puzzle, which is consistent with Vygotsky's theory. Piaget's view focuses more on the importance of sensorimotor experiences in early childhood development, Kohlberg's view relates to moral development, and Binet's view pertains to intelligence testing.

Question 7

Bart has just begun to use prepositions.While riding on the bus,he says to his mother,"A lady is sitting behind you." Bart is probably how old?
A) 2 to 3 years
B) 3 to 5 years
C) 5 to 7 years
D) 7 to 9 years

Accepted Answer

The answer of Bart has just begun to use prepositions.While...

Question 8

Piaget thought that young children's speech was mostly
A) egocentric.
B) social.
C) unintelligible.
D) ungrammatical.

Accepted Answer

Piaget believed that young children's speech was mostly egocentric, meaning that they spoke to express their own thoughts and feelings without considering the perspective of others.

Question 9

Piaget maintained that private speech is
A) a sign of abnormal development.
B) a form of communication.
C) an egocentric form of speech.
D) practice for social speech.

Accepted Answer

Piaget viewed private speech as an egocentric form of speech, where children talk to themselves without the intention of communicating with others, reflecting their cognitive development stage.

Question 10

The ability of young children to retain the meaning of a new word after having heard it used in conversation only once or twice is called
A) fast mapping.
B) overgeneralizing.
C) rapid regularization.
D) scaffolding.

Accepted Answer

The ability of young children to quickly and efficiently learn and remember the meaning of a new word after hearing it used only a few times is referred to as "fast mapping." It is a crucial component of early language acquisition and allows children to rapidly expand their vocabulary. This is not the same as overgeneralizing or rapid regularization, which refer to errors children may make when trying to apply language rules or patterns they have learned. Scaffolding is a term used to describe the support and guidance provided to children as they learn new skills, but it is not directly related to word learning.

Question 11

The practical knowledge of how to use language to communicate is
A) pragmatics.
B) a linguistic dysfunction.
C) preoperational language.
D) overgeneralizing.

Accepted Answer

Pragmatics is the study of how people use language to communicate effectively in everyday situations. It involves practical knowledge of how to use language appropriately, taking into consideration social and cultural factors, as well as understanding nonverbal cues and context.

Question 12

Most of the sentences of young children are
A) interrogative.
B) declarative.
C) exclamatory.
D) imperative.

Accepted Answer

Young children's language development usually begins with the use of simple declarative sentences, such as "I want juice" or "That is my toy." As they grow older and acquire more language skills, they may use other types of sentences, but early on, declarative sentences are most common.

Question 13

Mr.Rogers is a kindergarten teacher.He observes that some of the children in his class use private speech more than others.Of the following,Mr.Rogers is MOST likely to say that the children who engage in private speech
A) have less self-regulation than the other children.
B) are more sociable than the other children.
C) do not talk to themselves when working out problems.
D) tend to think privately.

Accepted Answer

Private speech, often observed in children, is considered a tool for thinking and self-regulation. It is associated with sociability and problem-solving, where children talk through their actions or thoughts out loud. Lev Vygotsky, a prominent psychologist, suggested that private speech is an essential part of the development of higher psychological functions in children, indicating that those who engage in it are not less self-regulated but are actively using it as a mechanism to understand and interact with their environment.

Question 14

Speech intended to be understood by a listener is called
A) imaginative speech.
B) social speech.
C) grammar.
D) private speech.

Accepted Answer

Social speech is intended to be understood by a listener, as it serves the purpose of communicating with others in a social context. The other options are not relevant to the description of speech intended for a listener.

Question 15

Children's ability to communicate is related to
A) general knowledge.
B) popularity.
C) intent to communicate.
D) All of these

Accepted Answer

Children's ability to communicate is related to their general knowledge, as those with more knowledge have a greater vocabulary and understanding of language. It is also related to their popularity, as children who can communicate effectively are often better liked by their peers. Additionally, intent to communicate is important as it drives the child to engage in communication and practice their skills. Therefore, all of these factors contribute to a child's ability to communicate effectively.

Question 16

When young children start to make grammatical errors that they did not make previously,they are often
A) regressing.
B) discovering grammatical rules but failing to note exceptions.
C) having trouble expressing more sophisticated thoughts.
D) showing the effects of exposure to adults who speak ungrammatically.

Accepted Answer

When young children start making grammatical errors that they did not make previously, it often indicates that they are discovering grammatical rules but failing to note exceptions. This is a natural part of language development as children experiment with language and try to apply rules they have learned. It is important to note that this does not necessarily indicate regression or a lack of sophistication in their thinking, nor is it always due to exposure to ungrammatical language from adults.

Question 17

The average child learns ____ new words a day from about 1½years of age.
A) 6
B) 7
C) 8
D) 9

Accepted Answer

The answer of The average child learns ____ new words...

Question 18

The Garrol family is concerned because their 3-year-old son is still not talking.Which of the following is a possible reason for the delayed language development of about 3% of preschool children?
A) Problems in fast mapping
B) Hearing problems
C) Cognitive limitations
D) All of these

Accepted Answer

All of these options (problems in fast mapping, hearing problems, and cognitive limitations) are possible reasons for delayed language development in preschool children. Fast mapping is crucial for vocabulary acquisition, hearing problems can directly impact the ability to learn spoken language, and cognitive limitations can affect all areas of development, including language.

Question 19

Early scaffolding practices by parents resulted in children who several years later were
A) more dependent on adults for problem solving.
B) more independent in their cognitive and social skills.
C) lagging behind their counterparts who did not receive scaffolding opportunities.
D) shown to have no apparent impact on later cognitive skills.

Accepted Answer

Early scaffolding practices by parents have been demonstrated to result in children who are more independent in their cognitive and social skills several years later. Scaffolding is a process in which adults provide support to children as they learn new tasks, gradually removing that support as the child's competence and confidence increase. As a result of receiving this type of support, children are more likely to develop stronger problem-solving skills, higher levels of creativity, and improved social skills. Therefore, children who receive early scaffolding are more likely to be independent in their cognitive and social skills.

Question 20

Scaffolding
A) is temporary parental support to enable a child to do a task.
B) is most needed by children of high ability.
C) reflects parents' sensitivity to children's competence.
D) may need to become permanent.

Accepted Answer

Scaffolding refers to the temporary support provided by a parent or caregiver to help a child complete a task that they might not be able to do on their own. This support is gradually reduced as the child gains skills and independence. Scaffolding is not necessarily more needed by children of high ability but rather it is used to support a child's current level of competence. It is not designed to become permanent, but rather to help the child develop the skills needed to complete the task on their own.

Quiz 7: Physical and Cognitive Development in Early Childhood

Andy,age 3,took an hour-long test that yielded an overall IQ score as well as separate verbal and performance scores.The test he took was most likely the

In evaluating private speech,______ believed it represents egocentrism,and thought that it helped children to integrate thinking and speaking.

Vygotsky saw private speech as

According to Vygotsky,a child who is in the "zone of proximal development" is

According to twin and adoption studies,family life has its strongest influence on intelligence during which period?

Bart has just begun to use prepositions.While riding on the bus,he says to his mother,"A lady is sitting behind you." Bart is probably how old?

Piaget thought that young children's speech was mostly

Piaget maintained that private speech is

The ability of young children to retain the meaning of a new word after having heard it used in conversation only once or twice is called

The practical knowledge of how to use language to communicate is

Most of the sentences of young children are

Mr.Rogers is a kindergarten teacher.He observes that some of the children in his class use private speech more than others.Of the following,Mr.Rogers is MOST likely to say that the children who engage in private speech

Speech intended to be understood by a listener is called

Children's ability to communicate is related to

When young children start to make grammatical errors that they did not make previously,they are often

The average child learns ____ new words a day from about 1½years of age.

The Garrol family is concerned because their 3-year-old son is still not talking.Which of the following is a possible reason for the delayed language development of about 3% of preschool children?

Early scaffolding practices by parents resulted in children who several years later were

Scaffolding