Question 1

All of the following are contained in a frequency table except _____.
A) lowest value
B) percent
C) count
D) cumulative percent
E) quartile indicators

Accepted Answer

Quartile indicators are typically found in a separate table or chart, such as a box plot or a quartile range table, and are not typically included in a frequency table. The other options, lowest value, percent, count, and cumulative percent, are all commonly included in a frequency table.

Question 2

Data analysis is _____ when patterns in the collected data guide the data analysis or suggest revisions to the preliminary data analysis plan.
A) confirmatory
B) descriptive
C) exploratory
D) conclusive
E) forensic

Accepted Answer

Exploratory data analysis is characterized by an open-ended approach to analyzing data, where patterns in the data guide the analysis and suggest revisions to the analysis plan. Confirmatory data analysis, on the other hand, involves testing specific hypotheses or pre-determined theories, while descriptive data analysis aims to summarize and describe the data without making inferences or testing hypotheses. Conclusive data analysis is an overarching term that refers to any analysis that produces final results or conclusions, while forensic data analysis specifically refers to the application of data analysis in legal or investigative contexts.

Question 3

Hypothesis testing is conducting using _____ data analysis techniques.
A) Exploratory
B) Confirmatory
C) Qualitative
D) Quantitative
E) Forensic

Accepted Answer

Hypothesis testing is part of confirmatory data analysis techniques where the objective is to confirm or reject a hypothesis made on a population parameter based on a sample of data. Exploratory data analysis is used to explore the data and find patterns in it, while qualitative data analysis deals with non-numerical data, and forensic data analysis involves the analysis and interpretation of data related to a crime or investigation. Quantitative data analysis is a broader term that includes both exploratory and confirmatory data analysis techniques.

Question 4

A stem-and-leaf display differs from a histogram in that a stem-and-leaf display _____.
A) presents actual data values
B) groups values into intervals
C) represents data using bars or asterisks
D) illustrates each interval with a color for visualization
E) is appropriate for nominal data

Accepted Answer

A stem-and-leaf display shows the actual data values, while a histogram groups values into intervals and represents them using bars or asterisks.

Question 5

When will the valid percent figure in a frequency table differ from the percent figure?
A) When the cumulative percent exceeds 100%
B) When there are missing cases
C) When using replacement for missing values
D) When the frequency exceeds 10
E) Valid percent and percent will always be the same

Accepted Answer

The valid percent figure refers to the percentage of cases that have valid data for the variable in question. The percent figure refers to the percentage of all cases in the sample that fall into each category. If there are missing cases, then the valid percent figure will only be a percentage of the cases that have valid data, while the percent figure will include all cases, including those with missing data. Therefore, in this situation, the valid percent figure will differ from the percent figure.

Question 6

Which type of chart uses bars to represent data values such that each value occupies an equal amount of area within the enclosed area?
A) Bar chart
B) Pie chart
C) Histogram
D) Stem-and-leaf display
E) Line chart

Accepted Answer

A histogram uses bars to represent data values in intervals (or bins) such that each value occupies an equal amount of area within the enclosed area. This is different from a bar chart, where the bars are often different widths and do not have equal areas. Pie charts show proportions of a whole, stem-and-leaf displays show the distribution of individual data points, and line charts show the trend of data over time.

Question 7

A tree-type frequency distribution that specifies each data value without equal interval grouping is called a _____.
A) bar chart
B) histogram
C) stem-and-leaf displays
D) pie chart
E) line graph

Accepted Answer

A stem-and-leaf display shows each individual data value along with its frequency count, without grouping the values into intervals. Bar charts, pie charts, and line graphs also typically involve grouping the data into intervals or categories, while histograms show the frequency of values within predetermined intervals.

Question 8

The vertical axis on a histogram indicates the _____.
A) number of observations in each interval
B) midpoint for each interval
C) variable of interest
D) cumulative percent
E) valid percent

Accepted Answer

The vertical axis on a histogram is the frequency axis and represents the number of observations or frequency of occurrence for each interval.

Question 9

Consider the following array of values found in a stem-and-leaf display: 5 I 4 6 7 8 8 9 9 9 9.Which of the following statements best reflects the meaning of this line?
A) There are nine items in the data set whose first digit is five
B) The numbers in the data set range from 4 to 9
C) The variance in the data set is 5
D) The mean of the data set is 5
E) The values in the display are 95, 85, 75, 65, and 45; 95 appears four times and 85 appears twice

Accepted Answer

The stem-and-leaf display shows that there are nine items in the dataset that have a stem of 5, indicating that their first digit is 5. The other answer choices are not supported by the display.

Question 10

Visual representations of data values are consistent with which form of data analysis?
A) Confirmatory
B) Exploratory
C) Conclusive
D) Descriptive
E) Hypothesis-testing

Accepted Answer

The answer of Visual representations of data values are consistent...

Question 11

Which of the following display choices is most similar to the histogram?
A) Bar chart
B) Pie chart
C) Boxplot
D) Stem-and-leaf display
E) Line graph

Accepted Answer

The answer of Which of the following display choices is...

Question 12

The horizontal axis on a histogram indicates the _____.
A) number of observations in each interval
B) midpoint for each interval
C) variable of interest
D) cumulative percent
E) valid percent

Accepted Answer

The horizontal axis on a histogram typically represents the range of values for the variable of interest, and the midpoint for each interval is usually displayed. Option A is incorrect because it describes the height of each bar on the histogram, not the horizontal axis. Option C is only partially correct, as it refers to the variable of interest but not necessarily how it is displayed on the horizontal axis. Options D and E are not relevant to the horizontal axis on a histogram.

Question 13

Which type of display represents frequency data as a bar chart,ordered from most to least,overlayed with a line graph denoting the cumulative percentage at each variable level?
A) Stem-and-leaf display
B) Histogram
C) Pareto diagram
D) Pie chart
E) Line graph

Accepted Answer

This is a clear description of a Pareto diagram, which is a type of bar chart that displays frequency data from most to least, with a line graph overlaying the cumulative percentage at each variable level. The other options do not match this description.

Question 14

Data analysis is _____ when the analytical process is guided by classical statistical inference in its use of significance and confidence.
A) confirmatory
B) descriptive
C) exploratory
D) conclusive
E) forensic

Accepted Answer

Confirmatory data analysis uses classical statistical inference to test hypotheses and make conclusions about the population based on the sample data, while descriptive data analysis focuses on summarizing and visualizing the data without making strong statistical inferences. Exploratory data analysis is used to identify patterns and relationships in the data, often prior to any formal hypothesis testing, and conclusive data analysis usually refers to studies that use a combination of confirmatory and exploratory methods to draw strong conclusions. Forensic data analysis involves using data to support legal investigations or proceedings.

Question 15

Considering the various choices for displaying data,which one will include values for which no observations occurred?
A) Pie chart
B) Bar chart
C) Heretical triangle
D) Stem-and-leaf display
E) Boxplot

Accepted Answer

Stem-and-leaf display is the best choice for including values for which no observations occurred. It shows each value in the data set along with its frequency or count, including those values that have a frequency of zero. This makes it a useful tool for identifying gaps or missing values in the data.

Question 16

Histograms can be used to display the _____ of a distribution.
A) skewness
B) kurtosis
C) modal pattern
D) all of the above
E) none of the above

Accepted Answer

Histograms can display the skewness, kurtosis, and modal pattern of a distribution, making all of the options correct. Skewness refers to the asymmetry of the distribution, kurtosis to the "tailedness" or peaks, and the modal pattern to the frequency of different values.

Question 17

In a stem-and-leaf display,each piece of information on the stem is called a _____.
A) leaf
B) stem
C) trunk
D) flower
E) root

Accepted Answer

The answer of In a stem-and-leaf display,each piece of information...

Question 18

What information is presented in a stem-and-leaf display?
A) Percent
B) Actual values
C) Valid percent
D) Cumulative percent
E) Value labels

Accepted Answer

Stem-and-leaf display presents actual values of the data.

Question 19

Which type of graphical depiction of frequency values uses a circle shape divided into triangles such that each triangle represents the frequency value it represents?
A) Histogram
B) Pie chart
C) Line graph
D) Pareto diagram
E) Stem-and-leaf display

Accepted Answer

A pie chart is a circular graph divided into slices, where each slice represents a proportion of the whole. The circle shape divided into triangles described in the question is a specific type of pie chart called a polar area diagram or a rose diagram, which is often used in the visualization of directional data.

Question 20

The primary benefit of exploratory data analysis is its ability to be _____.
A) conclusive
B) exclusive
C) discriminatory
D) flexible
E) inexpensive

Accepted Answer

The primary benefit of exploratory data analysis is its flexibility as it allows for the exploration of various aspects of the data without a priori assumptions or preconceptions. It can inspire new research questions, hypotheses, or data collection strategies. It is not conclusive, exclusive, or discriminatory as the goal is to explore the data rather than to draw conclusions or make judgments. It may or may not be inexpensive depending on the techniques used and the resources required.

Quiz 16: Exploring, Displaying, and Examining Data

All of the following are contained in a frequency table except _____.

Data analysis is _____ when patterns in the collected data guide the data analysis or suggest revisions to the preliminary data analysis plan.

Hypothesis testing is conducting using _____ data analysis techniques.

A stem-and-leaf display differs from a histogram in that a stem-and-leaf display _____.

When will the valid percent figure in a frequency table differ from the percent figure?

Which type of chart uses bars to represent data values such that each value occupies an equal amount of area within the enclosed area?

A tree-type frequency distribution that specifies each data value without equal interval grouping is called a _____.

The vertical axis on a histogram indicates the _____.

Consider the following array of values found in a stem-and-leaf display: 5 I 4 6 7 8 8 9 9 9 9.Which of the following statements best reflects the meaning of this line?

Visual representations of data values are consistent with which form of data analysis?

Which of the following display choices is most similar to the histogram?

The horizontal axis on a histogram indicates the _____.

Which type of display represents frequency data as a bar chart,ordered from most to least,overlayed with a line graph denoting the cumulative percentage at each variable level?

Data analysis is _____ when the analytical process is guided by classical statistical inference in its use of significance and confidence.

Considering the various choices for displaying data,which one will include values for which no observations occurred?

Histograms can be used to display the _____ of a distribution.

In a stem-and-leaf display,each piece of information on the stem is called a _____.

What information is presented in a stem-and-leaf display?

Which type of graphical depiction of frequency values uses a circle shape divided into triangles such that each triangle represents the frequency value it represents?

The primary benefit of exploratory data analysis is its ability to be _____.