Question 1

When cleaning her closet, Nadia finds her 20-year-old wedding photo album.As she flips through the pictures, she starts to cry joyful tears.Seeing the photos and rekindling the emotions of her wedding day most likely activated her
A) thalamus.
B) prefrontal cortex.
C) amygdala.
D) medial temporal lobe.

Accepted Answer

The amygdala is responsible for the processing and regulation of emotions, particularly in response to emotionally charged stimuli such as wedding photos. Nadia's tears suggest that her amygdala was activated by the photos, leading to an emotional response.

Question 2

Your text makes the statement that "memories are stored at the synapses." Develop a discussion to explain the evidence that learning and memory are represented in the brain by physiological changes at the neuronal level.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Your text makes the statement that "memories...

Question 3

Treatment of PTSD has benefitted from recent research on
A) levels of processing.
B) depth of processing.
C) transfer-appropriate processing.
D) reconsolidation.

Accepted Answer

Recent research on reconsolidation has shown promise in treating PTSD. During reconsolidation, traumatic memories are retrieved and then disrupted by exposure therapy or other treatments, leading to a weakening of the traumatic memory and potentially reducing symptoms of PTSD.

Question 4

____ consolidation involves the gradual reorganization of circuits within brain regions and takes place on a fairly long time scale, lasting weeks, months, or even years.
A) Remote
B) Standard
C) Systems
D) Synaptic

Accepted Answer

The answer of ____ consolidation involves the gradual reorganization of...

Question 5

Your text describes the process of consolidation regarding forming memories in the brain. Early research on consolidation led to the proposal of the standard model of consolidation.Begin your essay by explaining what the standard model claims about the role of the hippocampus in consolidation and the experimental results to support it.Then, describe the more recent research and experimental results that pose a challenge to the standard model.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Your text describes the process of consolidation...

Question 6

Recent research on memory, based largely on fear conditioning in rats, indicates that
A) fear conditioning is the most effective kind of conditioning for forming durable memories.
B) memories are not susceptible to disruption once consolidation has occurred.
C) when a memory is reactivated, it becomes fragile, just as it was immediately after it was formed.
D) memory consolidation does not occur when animals are afraid of a stimulus.

Accepted Answer

Recent research on memory, based largely on fear conditioning in rats, indicates that when a memory is reactivated, it becomes fragile, just as it was immediately after it was formed. This means that memories are susceptible to disruption even after consolidation has occurred. This has significant implications for therapeutic interventions aimed at altering and treating memories associated with anxiety and trauma.

Question 7

Define state-dependent learning and encoding specificity.Then, explain three ways a student might apply these principles to enhance her learning in college courses.Using the results of experimental research, state why these suggestions for learning are likely to be successful.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Define state-dependent learning and encoding specificity.Then, explain...

Question 8

The standard model of consolidation proposes that the hippocampus is
A) strongly active for both new memories as they are being consolidated and memories for events that occurred long ago and are already consolidated.
B) strongly active for long-ago memories that are already consolidated but becomes less active when memories are first formed and being consolidated.
C) strongly active when memories are first formed and being consolidated but becomes less active when retrieving older memories that are already consolidated.
D) uninvolved in memory consolidation.

Accepted Answer

The standard model of consolidation proposes that the hippocampus is strongly active when memories are first formed and being consolidated but becomes less active when retrieving older memories that are already consolidated. Therefore, option C is the correct answer. The other options are incorrect as they either state that the hippocampus is equally active for both new and old memories (option A), less active during memory consolidation (option B), or uninvolved in memory consolidation (option D).

Question 9

Mantyla's "banana / yellow, bunches, edible" experiment employed three conditions (or groups of participants)where the conditions yielded quite different results.Describe the three conditions as well as the results of each.What do these results predict about students studying from their own notebooks vs.studying from notes borrowed from a classmate?

Accepted Answer

The answer of Mantyla's "banana / yellow, bunches, edible" experiment...

Question 10

____ transforms new memories from a fragile state, in which they can be disrupted, to a more permanent state, in which they are resistant to disruption.
A) Amnesia
B) Encoding specificity
C) Cued-recall
D) Consolidation

Accepted Answer

Consolidation is the process by which new memories are transformed from a fragile state to a more permanent state, making them resistant to disruption. Amnesia refers to a loss of memory, encoding specificity is a concept related to how context can affect memory retrieval, and cued-recall is a technique used in memory studies to test recall using specific cues or prompts.

Question 11

Lourdes and Kim have been studying for two hours for their chemistry exam.Both girls are tired of studying.Lourdes decides to watch a two-hour movie on DVD, while Kim decides to go to bed.What would you predict about their performance on the chemistry exam?
A) Lourdes performs better because of reactivation.
B) Kim performs better because of reactivation.
C) Lourdes performs better because of encoding specificity.
D) Kim performs better because of encoding specificity.

Accepted Answer

Kim's decision to go to bed allows her brain to consolidate the information she has studied, leading to better retention and potentially better performance on the exam. Lourdes, on the other hand, disrupts the consolidation process by engaging in an activity that is not related to the material she has been studying, and may not perform as well as a result.

Question 12

Experimental evidence suggesting that the standard model of consolidation needs to be revised are data that show that the hippocampus was activated during retrieval of ____ memories.
A) recent and remote episodic
B) recent and remote semantic
C) recent episodic
D) remote semantic

Accepted Answer

The standard model of consolidation posits that during consolidation, memories are initially dependent on the hippocampus but become independent over time as they are transferred to the neocortex. Therefore, in the standard model, the hippocampus should only be activated during retrieval of recent memories (both episodic and semantic) but not remote memories. However, studies have shown that the hippocampus is also activated during retrieval of remote episodic memories, suggesting that the standard model of consolidation may need to be revised.

Question 13

According to the multiple trace hypothesis, the hippocampus is involved in retrieval of
A) remote, episodic memories.
B) remote, semantic memories.
C) remote procedural memories.
D) state-dependent memories.

Accepted Answer

According to the multiple trace hypothesis, the hippocampus is involved in retrieval of remote, episodic memories, as it is necessary for the initial encoding and consolidation of such memories. The other options do not involve the hippocampus to the same extent.

Question 14

Your text explains what memory research tells us about studying.Name and describe the five techniques for improving learning and memory given in the text's discussion, and what experimental result supports each technique.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Your text explains what memory research tells...

Question 15

Describe and compare maintenance and elaborative rehearsal, including a discussion of the "procedures" associated with each type.Indicate separate examples for which each type of rehearsal is best suited.Also, describe experimental results that illustrate how effective each type of rehearsal is at establishing durable long-term memories.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Describe and compare maintenance and elaborative rehearsal,...

Question 16

From the behavior of H.M., who experienced memory problems after a brain operation, we can conclude that the hippocampus is important in
A) procedural memory.
B) long-term memory storage.
C) working memory.
D) long-term memory acquisition.

Accepted Answer

The answer of From the behavior of H.M., who experienced...

Question 17

Compare and contrast levels-of-processing theory with transfer-appropriate processing.Describe experimental results for both and highlight their significance to our understanding of memory.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Compare and contrast levels-of-processing theory with transfer-appropriate...

Quiz 7: Long-Term Memory--Encoding and Retrieval

When cleaning her closet, Nadia finds her 20-year-old wedding photo album.As she flips through the pictures, she starts to cry joyful tears.Seeing the photos and rekindling the emotions of her wedding day most likely activated her

Your text makes the statement that "memories are stored at the synapses." Develop a discussion to explain the evidence that learning and memory are represented in the brain by physiological changes at the neuronal level.

Treatment of PTSD has benefitted from recent research on

____ consolidation involves the gradual reorganization of circuits within brain regions and takes place on a fairly long time scale, lasting weeks, months, or even years.

Recent research on memory, based largely on fear conditioning in rats, indicates that

Define state-dependent learning and encoding specificity.Then, explain three ways a student might apply these principles to enhance her learning in college courses.Using the results of experimental research, state why these suggestions for learning are likely to be successful.

The standard model of consolidation proposes that the hippocampus is

____ transforms new memories from a fragile state, in which they can be disrupted, to a more permanent state, in which they are resistant to disruption.

Lourdes and Kim have been studying for two hours for their chemistry exam.Both girls are tired of studying.Lourdes decides to watch a two-hour movie on DVD, while Kim decides to go to bed.What would you predict about their performance on the chemistry exam?

Experimental evidence suggesting that the standard model of consolidation needs to be revised are data that show that the hippocampus was activated during retrieval of ____ memories.

According to the multiple trace hypothesis, the hippocampus is involved in retrieval of

Your text explains what memory research tells us about studying.Name and describe the five techniques for improving learning and memory given in the text's discussion, and what experimental result supports each technique.

From the behavior of H.M., who experienced memory problems after a brain operation, we can conclude that the hippocampus is important in

Compare and contrast levels-of-processing theory with transfer-appropriate processing.Describe experimental results for both and highlight their significance to our understanding of memory.