Question 1

According to the _____ approach to memory, what people report as memories is based on what actually happened plus additional factors such as other knowledge, experiences, and expectations.
A) event-specific
B) source
C) constructive
D) misinformation

Accepted Answer

The constructive approach to memory suggests that the information people report as memories is not just based on what actually happened, but also on their own previous knowledge, experiences, and expectations. This means that memories are actively constructed by the individual rather than being retrieved as an exact representation of past events.

Question 2

Bartlett's experiment in which English participants were asked to recall the "War of the Ghosts" story that was taken from the French Indian culture illustrated the
A) misinformation effect.
B) familiarity effect.
C) constructive nature of memory.
D) reminiscence bump.

Accepted Answer

Bartlett's experiment demonstrated the constructive nature of memory, which means that people reconstruct memories based on their prior knowledge and experiences. The participants in the study changed the story to fit their own cultural schema and norms, indicating that memory is not an objective record of events, but rather a subjective interpretation of them. The misinformation effect refers to when inaccurate information influences memory, while the familiarity effect refers to when a stimulus is perceived as more familiar due to prior exposure. The reminiscence bump refers to the phenomenon where people tend to recall more memories from their adolescence and early adulthood.

Question 3

Your text argues that the proper procedure for measuring the accuracy of flashbulb memories is
A) source monitoring.
B) scripting.
C) repeated recall.
D) pre-cueing.

Accepted Answer

The proper procedure for measuring the accuracy of flashbulb memories is repeated recall. This involves asking individuals to recall the event at various times after it occurred to see if their memory remains consistent over time. Source monitoring is used to determine where the information in a memory came from, scripting refers to the influence of prior knowledge on memory, and pre-cueing involves providing hints or cues to aid memory retrieval. While these techniques may be useful in memory research, they are not specifically designed to measure the accuracy of flashbulb memories.

Question 4

Schrauf and Rubin's "two groups of immigrants" study found that the reminiscence bump coincided with periods of rapid change, occurring at a normal age for people emigrating early in life but shifting to 15 years later for those who emigrated later.These results support the
A) cognitive hypothesis.
B) self-image hypothesis.
C) narrative rehearsal hypothesis.
D) autobiographical hypothesis.

Accepted Answer

The cognitive hypothesis suggests that periods of rapid change followed by stability lead to stronger and more lasting memories, which is supported by Schrauf and Rubin's findings that the reminiscence bump shifts based on the timing of significant life changes, such as immigration.

Question 5

Jacoby's experiment, in which participants made judgments about whether they had previously seen the names of famous and non-famous people, found that inaccurate memories based on source misattributions occurred after a delay of
A) one week.
B) 24 hours.
C) one hour.
D) one month.

Accepted Answer

Jacoby's experiment found that inaccurate memories based on source misattributions occurred after a delay of 24 hours.

Question 6

Extrapolating from the cultural life script hypothesis, which of the following events would be easiest to recall?
A) Retiring from work at age 40
B) Marrying at age 60
C) Graduating from college at age 22
D) Having a child at age 45

Accepted Answer

Graduating from college at age 22 is a culturally expected event that is highly emphasized in Western societies, making it easier to recall compared to the other events listed. The other events are not as culturally emphasized and may not be as ingrained in an individual's personal life script.

Question 7

The observation that older adults often become nostalgic for the "good old days" reflects the self-image hypothesis, which states that
A) life in a society gets more complicated and difficult as generations pass.
B) memory for life events is enhanced during the time we assume our life identities.
C) people tend to remember more of the positive events in their lives than negative ones.
D) our memories change as we live longer and have more "lifetime periods" to draw events from.

Accepted Answer

The self-image hypothesis states that individuals remember events that occurred during the time they assume their life identities more clearly than events that occurred before or after. In other words, our memories are enhanced during the time when we are forming our sense of self and identity. This may explain why older adults have a tendency to become nostalgic for the "good old days" – those were the times when they were forming their identity and sense of self, and therefore have a stronger emotional attachment to those memories.

Question 8

In the "War of the Ghosts" experiment, participants' reproductions contained inaccuracies based on
A) narrative rehearsal.
B) source misattributions.
C) cultural expectations.
D) shallow processing.

Accepted Answer

The "War of the Ghosts" experiment by Frederic Bartlett demonstrated that inaccuracies in participants' reproductions were influenced by their cultural expectations, leading them to alter the story in ways that made it more consistent with their own cultural backgrounds.

Question 9

A lesson to be learned from the research on flashbulb memories is that
A) rehearsal cannot account for them.
B) people's confidence in a memory predicts its accuracy (high confidence = high accuracy).
C) extreme vividness of a memory does not mean it is accurate.
D) they are permanent and resist forgetting.

Accepted Answer

Research on flashbulb memories has shown that the extreme vividness of a memory does not necessarily mean that it is accurate. In fact, people may have high confidence in their flashbulb memories even when they are inaccurate. Therefore, choice C is the best option. Choices A, B, and D are incorrect because flashbulb memories can be rehearsed, people's confidence in their memories does not always predict accuracy, and they are not necessarily permanent and can also be subject to forgetting.

Question 10

The "telephone game" is often played by children.One child creates a story and whispers it to a second child, who does the same to a third child, and so on.When the last child recites the story to the group, his or her reproduction of the story is generally shorter than the original and contains many omissions and inaccuracies.This game shows how memory is a ______ process.
A) life-narrative
B) narrative-rehearsal
C) consequentiality based
D) constructive

Accepted Answer

The description of the game and its outcome suggest that memory is a constructive process, as each child's reproduction of the story is influenced by their interpretation and understanding of it, leading to omissions and inaccuracies.

Question 11

Asking people to recall the most influential events that happened during their college careers show that ____ in people's lives appear to be particularly memorable.
A) peer-group experiences
B) academic challenges
C) the sophomore year
D) transition points

Accepted Answer

The question is asking for the most influential events, and transition points are typically the most impactful moments in someone's life. Peer-group experiences and academic challenges may also be memorable, but they may not necessarily be the most influential events. The sophomore year is a specific time period and may not be relevant to everyone's college experience.

Question 12

Autobiographical memory research shows that a person's brain is more extensively activated when viewing photos
a. the person has seen before.
b. of familiar places.
c. they took themselves.
d. the person has never seen before.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Autobiographical memory research shows that a person's...

Question 13

Your text describes two experiments that measured people's memory for what they were doing when they heard about the terrorist attack on 9/11.Results of these experiments show that participants
A) believed that their memories for the attack remained accurate over a 52-week period.
B) displayed memory for this flashbulb event that declined with time.
C) reported less vivid memories of 9/11 as time passed.
D) both believed their memories for the attack were accurate over a 52-week period and displayed memory for the flashbulb event that declined with time.

Accepted Answer

The text describes two experiments that measured people's memory for what they were doing when they heard about the terrorist attack on 9/11. The results of these experiments indicate that participants both believed their memories for the attack were accurate over a 52-week period and displayed memory for the flashbulb event that declined with time. The text does not mention participants reporting less vivid memories of 9/11 as time passed.

Question 14

Experiments that argue against a special flashbulb memory mechanism find that as time increases since the occurrence of the flashbulb event, participants
A) remember more details about the event.
B) make more errors in their recollections.
C) report less confidence about their recollections.
D) report less vivid recollections of the event.

Accepted Answer

Experiments have found that as time passes, participants make more errors in their recollections of flashbulb events. This suggests that there is no special mechanism for flashbulb memories and that they are subject to the same forgetting and distortion that regular memories are. Options A, C, and D are not supported by the research.

Question 15

Unconscious plagiarism of the work of others is known as
A) narrative rehearsal.
B) cryptomnesia.
C) repeated reproduction.
D) repeated recall.

Accepted Answer

Unconscious plagiarism is often the result of cryptomnesia, where a person believes their idea or work is original, but it has actually been previously encountered and forgotten. The other options (A, C, and D) do not accurately describe this phenomenon.

Question 16

For most adults over age 40, the reminiscence bump describes enhanced memory for
A) childhood and adolescence.
B) adolescence and early adulthood.
C) early adulthood and middle age.
D) childhood and middle age.

Accepted Answer

The reminiscence bump refers to the phenomenon where adults over the age of 40 have enhanced memory for events that occurred during adolescence and early adulthood. This bump is thought to be due to increased neural connections during this time period and the formation of strong emotional memories. Therefore, choice B - adolescence and early adulthood - is the best answer.

Question 17

Wei has allergy symptoms.He has gone to his regular doctor and an allergy specialist, but he wasn't given a prescription by either doctor.Instead, he was advised to buy any over-the-counter medicine.While he was in the specialist's waiting area, he read a magazine where he saw three ads for an allergy medicine called SneezeLess.A week later, in a drug store, Wei says to his brother, "My doctor says SneezeLess works great.I'll buy that one." Wei and his doctor never discussed SneezeLess.Wei has fallen victim to which of the following errors?
A) MPI
B) Recovered memory
C) Schema confusion
D) Source monitoring

Accepted Answer

Wei has incorrectly attributed the idea that SneezeLess works great to his doctor, when in reality he only saw the advertisement in the waiting area of the specialist's office. This is an example of source monitoring error.

Question 18

The idea that we remember life events better because we encounter the information over and over in what we read, see on TV, and talk about with other people is called the
A) narrative rehearsal hypothesis.
B) cognitive hypothesis.
C) life-narrative hypothesis.
D) reminiscence hypothesis.

Accepted Answer

The narrative rehearsal hypothesis suggests that repeated exposure to information through various forms (such as reading, watching TV, and discussing with others) helps to solidify the memory of that event in our minds.

Question 19

Flashbulb memory is best represented by which of the following statements?
A) It is vivid memory for emotional events.
B) It is vivid, highly accurate memory for the circumstances surrounding how a person heard about an emotional event.
C) It is memory for the circumstances surrounding how a person heard about an emotional event that remains especially vivid but not necessarily accurate over time.
D) It is vivid, highly accurate memory for emotional events.

Accepted Answer

Flashbulb memory is a type of memory for the circumstances surrounding how a person heard about an emotional event. These memories are often vivid but not necessarily accurate over time. Thus, choice C is the best representation of flashbulb memory.

Question 20

The repeated reproduction technique used in memory studies involves
A) the same participants remembering some information at longer and longer intervals after learning the information.
B) different groups of participants remembering some information across different periods of time after learning the information.
C) the same participants remembering some information for as many trials as it takes to recall all of the information correctly.
D) the same participants recalling some information many times but, each time, receiving different retrieval cues to assist their recall.

Accepted Answer

The repeated reproduction technique involves using the same participants to recall information at longer and longer intervals after learning it. This allows researchers to see how accurately and completely the participants can remember the information over time.

Quiz 8: Everyday Memory and Memory Errors

According to the _____ approach to memory, what people report as memories is based on what actually happened plus additional factors such as other knowledge, experiences, and expectations.

Bartlett's experiment in which English participants were asked to recall the "War of the Ghosts" story that was taken from the French Indian culture illustrated the

Your text argues that the proper procedure for measuring the accuracy of flashbulb memories is

Schrauf and Rubin's "two groups of immigrants" study found that the reminiscence bump coincided with periods of rapid change, occurring at a normal age for people emigrating early in life but shifting to 15 years later for those who emigrated later.These results support the

Jacoby's experiment, in which participants made judgments about whether they had previously seen the names of famous and non-famous people, found that inaccurate memories based on source misattributions occurred after a delay of

Extrapolating from the cultural life script hypothesis, which of the following events would be easiest to recall?

The observation that older adults often become nostalgic for the "good old days" reflects the self-image hypothesis, which states that

In the "War of the Ghosts" experiment, participants' reproductions contained inaccuracies based on

A lesson to be learned from the research on flashbulb memories is that

Asking people to recall the most influential events that happened during their college careers show that ____ in people's lives appear to be particularly memorable.

Autobiographical memory research shows that a person's brain is more extensively activated when viewing photos a. the person has seen before. b. of familiar places. c. they took themselves. d. the person has never seen before.

Your text describes two experiments that measured people's memory for what they were doing when they heard about the terrorist attack on 9/11.Results of these experiments show that participants

Experiments that argue against a special flashbulb memory mechanism find that as time increases since the occurrence of the flashbulb event, participants

Unconscious plagiarism of the work of others is known as

For most adults over age 40, the reminiscence bump describes enhanced memory for

The idea that we remember life events better because we encounter the information over and over in what we read, see on TV, and talk about with other people is called the

Flashbulb memory is best represented by which of the following statements?

The repeated reproduction technique used in memory studies involves