Question 1

The best way to encode information into LTM in an organized and meaningful way is:

Accepted Answer

Elaborative rehearsal involves linking new information to existing knowledge in a meaningful way. This type of encoding creates strong associations between new information and previously learned material, making it more easily retrievable from long-term memory. Maintenance rehearsal (A) and rote rehearsal (B) only involve repeating information without relating it to previously learned material, which may result in shallow encoding and poorer long-term retention. Chunking (D) involves breaking down information into smaller, more manageable units, which can aid in short-term memory but does not necessarily promote meaningful encoding in long-term memory.

Question 2

Which memory system has an unlimited capacity and can keep information for hours or decades?

Accepted Answer

Long-term memory has an unlimited capacity and can keep information for periods ranging from hours to decades. Working memory, on the other hand, has a limited capacity and can only hold information temporarily. Sensory memory is also a temporary storage system that holds sensory information for a very brief time. Implicit memory is the unconscious memory of skills and how to do things, rather than explicit facts and events.

Question 3

The best analogy for the way long-term memory is conceptualized would be a:

Accepted Answer

Long-term memory is often compared to a filing cabinet because it stores information for long periods of time, similar to how a filing cabinet stores documents. Just like a filing cabinet, information is organized and stored in a specific location, making it easier to retrieve later on.

Question 4

In the 1950s,George Miller estimated the number of items that could be stored in short-term memory to be the magic number:

Accepted Answer

George Miller's estimate of the number of items that could be stored in short-term memory was 7, plus or minus 2. This means that the average person can hold around 5 to 9 items in their short-term memory at one time.

Question 5

Recent research studies have found that European Canadians were faster at:

Accepted Answer

Recent research studies have found that European Canadians were faster at recognizing individual traits compared to other tasks.

Question 6

Research has shown that short-term memory lasts about 12 to 30 seconds without:

Accepted Answer

Short-term memory is the type of memory that holds a small amount of information for a short duration of time. It is also known as working memory or active memory. Research has shown that short-term memory can last for about 12 to 30 seconds without maintenance rehearsal. Maintenance rehearsal is the process of repeatedly practicing or repeating information to transfer it from short-term memory to long-term memory. Therefore, option C, maintenance rehearsal, is the correct answer. Option A, disruption, is not correct because it does not support short-term memory retention. Mnemonics and chunking are techniques that can improve short-term memory performance, but they are not essential for short-term memory retention. Therefore, options B and D are not the best choices.

Question 7

The term used to describe the capacity of long-term memory is:

Accepted Answer

Long-term memory capacity is often described as unlimited because research has not been able to find an upper limit to the amount of information that can be stored in long-term memory. While there may be some limitations in terms of how quickly or easily we can retrieve memories, there is no known capacity limit for long-term memory.

Question 8

Declarative memories are to ________ memories as procedural memories are to __________ memories.

Accepted Answer

Declarative memories refer to explicit memories that are consciously recalled, such as personal facts and general knowledge. Procedural memories, on the other hand, are implicit memories that involve skills and habits. Therefore, the best choice is B, where declarative memories are associated with explicit memories, and procedural memories are associated with implicit memories.

Question 9

Canadian researchers Wagar and Cohen found European Canadians were faster at recognizing individual traits and Asian Canadians were faster at recognizing collective traits.Their research suggests that culture affects the ________ memory process.

Accepted Answer

Encoding refers to the process of learning and organizing information in memory. The research suggests that individuals from different cultures have different cognitive styles or approaches to encoding information in memory, which leads to differences in how efficiently they process information related to individual or collective traits. Therefore, culture affects the encoding process of memory.

Question 10

Maintenance rehearsal is defined as:

Accepted Answer

Maintenance rehearsal is the process of repeating or refreshing information in order to keep it in short-term memory. It does not involve analyzing or associating new information, but rather simply repeating it to prevent forgetting.

Question 11

The system of memory that is more or less permanent is called ______ memory.

Accepted Answer

Long-term memory is the system of memory that is more or less permanent. Working memory is a system that keeps a small amount of information active and available for short periods of time, while sensory memory is a very brief and preliminary form of memory that allows us to retain impressions of sensory information after the original stimulus has ceased. Eidetic memory, also known as photographic memory, refers to the ability to vividly recall images or information with high precision after only a few moments of exposure. However, eidetic memory is considered to be rare and its existence has been disputed by many experts. Therefore, the best choice for the system of memory that is more or less permanent is D, long-term memory.

Question 12

_______ is a strategy/are strategies for moving information from short-term to long-term memory.

Accepted Answer

Elaborative rehearsal involves relating new information to prior knowledge, making it more meaningful and increasing the chances of it being stored in long-term memory. Mnemonics and acronyms are memory aids that can help with retrieval of information already stored in long-term memory. Maintenance rehearsal involves repetition of information in short-term memory, which can help keep it there for a brief period of time but does not necessarily result in long-term storage.

Question 13

According to Baddeley,which memory system is best understood as three interrelated systems: central executive,visual sketchpad,and auditory recorder?

Accepted Answer

Baddeley's model of memory is known as the working memory model, which is best understood as three interrelated systems: the central executive, the visual sketchpad (also known as the visuospatial sketchpad), and the phonological loop (also known as the auditory recorder). These systems work together to help individuals temporarily store and manipulate information needed for tasks such as problem-solving and decision-making. Therefore, the correct answer is B) working memory.

Question 14

Jamal is trying to buy something over the phone.He asks his partner to read him his credit card number.However,when he tries to repeat it to the sales clerk on the other end of the line,he can't remember all the numbers.Jamal is coming up against:

Accepted Answer

Miller's magical number 7, plus or minus 2, refers to the limited capacity of short-term memory (STM), which can hold approximately 7 pieces of information, such as digits in a phone number. Jamal's inability to remember all of the numbers suggests that he has reached the limit of his STM capacity, rather than experiencing anterograde amnesia or retroactive interference. The curve of forgetting theory relates to the decay of information in long-term memory over time, and is not applicable in this situation.

Question 15

Interference in STM information retention primarily can happen due to __________ and ________.

Accepted Answer

Interruptions can disrupt the STM process, and the amount of information to be held can affect the retention capacity of STM.

Question 16

The phrase every good boy deserves fudge is used as a/an __________ to remember the treble clef line notes by music students.

Accepted Answer

The answer of The phrase every good boy deserves fudge...

Question 17

_____________ memory is constantly updated.

Accepted Answer

Episodic memory is the type of memory that records our personal experiences and events. This type of memory is constantly being updated as we experience new events and recall past ones. Procedural memory is for learned skills and habits, declarative memory is for facts and information, and semantic memory is for general knowledge and concepts.

Question 18

You are learning a list of items for a test by relating the items to each other and to information that you already have stored in memory.Which type of rehearsal are you using?

Accepted Answer

Elaborative rehearsal involves making connections between new information and existing knowledge stored in long-term memory. In this scenario, the individual is relating the items to each other and to information already stored in memory, indicating the use of elaborative rehearsal.

Question 19

You try to remember a phone number by repeating it over and over to yourself.What type of memory strategy are you using?

Accepted Answer

Maintenance rehearsal involves repeating information over and over again to keep it in short-term memory.

Question 20

Repeating items over and over in order to aid memory is known as ______ rehearsal.

Accepted Answer

Maintenance rehearsal involves repeating information in order to keep it in short-term memory, without necessarily trying to make meaningful connections or associations with other information. This type of rehearsal is generally not as effective as elaborative rehearsal, which involves actively processing and organizing information in order to create meaningful connections and associations. Repetitive rehearsal is a related concept that simply involves repeating information, but it is not a recognized type of rehearsal in cognitive psychology. Imagery rehearsal involves creating mental images in order to aid memory, but this is not the same as simply repeating information.

Quiz 6: Memory