Question 1

Memories retrieved while under hypnosis are no more accurate than memories retrieved while not under hypnosis,but persons who retrieve memories under hypnosis are far more reluctant to change their answers even when told that they may be wrong.

Accepted Answer

This statement is supported by research on the reliability of memories retrieved under hypnosis. While some people believe that hypnosis can enhance memory recall, studies have shown that hypnosis does not improve accuracy and may even lead to false memories. However, people who retrieve memories under hypnosis may be more confident in their answers and less likely to change them, even if they are told that their memories may be inaccurate.

Question 2

Casual mention of an existing object will increase the likelihood that it will be remembered later on,making eyewitness testimony vulnerable to suggestion.

Accepted Answer

This is referred to as the "weapon focus effect," and research has shown that eyewitnesses are more likely to remember details about a crime if a weapon or other significant object is present. However, this can also lead to suggestions or false memories if the witness is later exposed to misleading information about the object.

Question 3

The misinformation effect refers to the tendency of people who are asked misleading questions or given misleading information to incorporate that information into their memories for a particular event.

Accepted Answer

The statement accurately describes the misinformation effect. People may incorporate false information into their memories, resulting in altered recollections of the event.

Question 4

Hypnosis enhances the confidence people have in their memories,regardless of their accuracy or inaccuracy.

Accepted Answer

Hypnosis can create a state of suggestibility that increases confidence in one's memories, but it does not necessarily improve accuracy. In fact, hypnosis can create false memories or distort accurate ones. Therefore, the confidence people have in their memories after hypnosis may not always be reliable.

Question 5

Pezdek and colleagues have found that false memories are more likely to be formed for plausible false events than for implausible ones.

Accepted Answer

Pezdek and colleagues have conducted research supporting the idea that false memories are more likely to be formed for plausible false events than for implausible ones.

Question 6

Luria's mnemonist suffered from the problem of not being able to forget trivial things.

Accepted Answer

According to Luria's research on his mnemonist patient, S., he had exceptional memory abilities but also exhibited the inability to forget trivial details.

Question 7

Constructive processing is the process of altering memories of the past so that they are more positive.

Accepted Answer

Constructive processing refers to the way in which memories are built or reconstructed from the information that is stored in the brain, which can involve alteration or embellishment, but it is not specifically about making memories more positive.

Question 8

Pezdek and colleagues have found that false memories are more likely to be formed for implausible false events than for plausible ones.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Pezdek and colleagues have found that false...

Question 9

When old information interferes with the retrieval of newer information,this is called retroactive interference.

Accepted Answer

Retroactive interference occurs when new information interferes with the retrieval of older information.

Question 10

Loftus has found that eyewitness memory is extremely reliable and doesn't change over time.

Accepted Answer

This statement is false. Loftus and her research have shown that eyewitness memory is not always reliable and can be affected by a number of factors, including the passage of time, leading questions, and other forms of suggestion.

Question 11

Memories retrieved while under hypnosis are more accurate than memories retrieved while not under hypnosis,but persons who retrieve memories under hypnosis are far less reluctant to change their answers even when told that they may be wrong.

Accepted Answer

There is no scientific evidence to support the claim that memories retrieved under hypnosis are more accurate. In fact, hypnosis can actually lead to the creation of false memories. Additionally, individuals under hypnosis may be more suggestible and less likely to change their answers even when they are incorrect.

Question 12

A mnemonist is a person with exceptional memory ability.

Accepted Answer

A mnemonist is a person with exceptional memory ability, often utilizing various techniques such as memorization of images or associations to improve their recall.

Question 13

Encoding failure is often the reason some memories cannot be retrieved,because they were never actually encoded in the first place.

Accepted Answer

Encoding failure occurs when information does not get stored in the memory in the first place, which makes it difficult or impossible to retrieve later.

Question 14

Memory trace decay theory assumes the presence of a physical memory trace that decays with disuse over time.

Accepted Answer

Memory trace decay theory posits that memories are physically stored in the brain and that these memory traces decay over time if they are not used or reinforced.

Question 15

Memory trace decay theory can explain forgetting from sensory memory and short-term memory but does not adequately explain forgetting from long-term memory.

Accepted Answer

Memory trace decay theory proposes that forgetting occurs due to the gradual fading or decay of memory traces over time. This theory can explain why information is forgotten from sensory memory and short-term memory. However, in the case of long-term memory, forgetting cannot solely be attributed to memory trace decay as the process of encoding and retrieval also play a significant role in the strength of long-term memories.

Question 16

Memory trace decay theory can explain forgetting from sensory memory,short-term memory,and long-term memory.

Accepted Answer

Memory trace decay theory suggests that forgetting occurs when the memory trace, or physical representation of a memory in the brain, fades over time. This can happen in sensory memory, short-term memory, and long-term memory. In sensory memory, forgetting occurs due to the decay of the iconic and echoic memory traces. In short-term memory, forgetting occurs due to the decay of the memory trace if the information is not rehearsed or transferred to long-term memory. In long-term memory, forgetting occurs due to the decay of the memory trace over time if the memory is not retrieved or used frequently. Therefore, memory trace decay theory can explain forgetting from all three types of memory.

Question 17

The constructive processing effect refers to the tendency of people who are asked misleading questions or given misleading information to incorporate that information into their memories for a particular event.

Accepted Answer

The answer of The constructive processing effect refers to the...

Question 18

False memories reported during hypnosis replace real memories,which are frequently believed by the subject.

Accepted Answer

Studies have shown that false memories can be implanted in subjects via hypnosis, and these false memories may replace real memories in the mind of the subject. In some cases, the subject may strongly believe that the false memories are true, even though they never actually occurred.

Question 19

Loftus and others have found that people constantly update and revise their memories of events,adding information to a memory that occurred later even when that information is in error.

Accepted Answer

Loftus and her colleagues have conducted numerous studies showing that memories are not fixed or static, but are instead malleable and subject to revision. This can result in people incorporating incorrect information into their memories, or altering their recollections over time based on new information or suggestions from others.

Question 20

Hypnotized people report more accurate AND inaccurate information than people who are not hypnotized.

Accepted Answer

This is because hypnosis can increase suggestibility and lead to both accurate recall and false memories. However, it is important to note that hypnosis is not a reliable tool for obtaining accurate information, as the suggestibility can lead to confabulation and unreliable accounts of events.

Quiz 6: Memory