Question 1

In many real-world areas (such as politics),men tend to occupy more top leadership positions compared to women.Eadly's (2003)real congruity theory would attribute this gender gap in leadership positions to

Accepted Answer

Eadly's real congruity theory argues that gender inequalities in leadership positions are due to social stereotypes of women's inconsistent leadership styles with people's schemas of effective leadership. This leads to women being evaluated as poor leaders despite their qualifications and abilities. The other choices are not supported by research or evidence.

Question 2

The Young Traditionalists are trying to drum up promotional ideas for their political party's advertising campaign next month.They brainstorm,but come up with some very conservative ideas.This is a likely outcome of

Accepted Answer

Evaluation apprehension, which refers to the fear of being judged, can lead to conservative ideas during brainstorming because individuals may be reluctant to suggest bold or unconventional ideas.

Question 3

When social identity theory is applied to leadership

Accepted Answer

According to social identity theory, leaders who are perceived as highly prototypical of their group (i.e. they embody the characteristics and values of the group) are more effective. This is because followers identify more strongly with the leader and the group, leading to increased group cohesion and motivation. Therefore, the extent of group prototypicality of a leader becomes important in leadership effectiveness.

Question 4

Within the context of leadership,social dilemmas are conceptualised as

Accepted Answer

Social dilemmas refer to situations where individual self-interest conflicts with the long-term interests of the group. In these situations, trust among group members can be eroded, leading to a crisis of leadership. Effective leaders must navigate these dilemmas by encouraging cooperation and prioritizing the long-term good of the group over short-term individual gains. Choices B and C are not accurate descriptions of social dilemmas within the context of leadership.

Question 5

In the context of intergroup relations,a leader's effectiveness can often be thwarted or compromised due to

Accepted Answer

The answer of In the context of intergroup relations,a leader's...

Question 6

Prototypical leaders

Accepted Answer

Prototypical leaders not only serve as the most direct source of prototype information for the group, but they also tend to behave in ways that benefit the group and closely embody group norms. Therefore, all of the above choices are correct.

Question 7

Val is doing a 'house makeover' and right now is brainstorming with a group of friends about how to change her lounge and kitchen.At first the ideas are flying,but soon they dry up and sound more and more boring.Val and her friends are victims of

Accepted Answer

Production blocking occurs when members of a group are unable to share their ideas because of physical or psychological reasons, such as limited time, lack of opportunity to speak, or fear of evaluation. In this scenario, the group's brainstorming session began with a lot of ideas but eventually ran out of steam. This suggests that the group may have experienced production blocking, as members' ability to share their ideas was hindered by the limitations of the brainstorming session.

Question 8

Tina and Thomas work for different advertising agencies.In developing new projects,Tina's firm favours brainstorming in a group,whereas Thomas works for a firm that favours individual work.Tina is more likely to

Accepted Answer

Tina's preference for group brainstorming suggests that she believes in the benefits of collaborative idea generation. Enjoyment of the experience and a feeling of increased creativity are common outcomes of group brainstorming, which makes all of the options viable choices.

Question 9

Why are justice and fairness important qualities in a leader?

Accepted Answer

Justice and fairness in a leader are important because followers need to believe that they can trust their leader. If a leader is not perceived as being fair and just, it can damage the relationship between the leader and their followers, leading to decreased loyalty and cooperation. Trust is a critical component of effective leadership, and justice and fairness are essential qualities in building and maintaining that trust.

Question 10

Research on group remembering shows that groups are better at remembering simple tasks than complex tasks.A likely explanation of this is in terms of

Accepted Answer

Process loss refers to difficulties that arise when group members need to coordinate their activities to achieve a common goal. This process can create communication problems and can result in confusion or errors. Process loss is more likely to occur when tasks are complex, as there is more information to coordinate and more opportunities for miscommunication. Therefore, group remembering may be less effective for complex tasks due to higher levels of process loss.

Question 11

In the context of intergroup relations,leaders

Accepted Answer

Leaders in intergroup relations often use rhetoric to define their ingroup in a way that contrasts with an outgroup. This can involve emphasizing differences between the groups, painting the outgroup in a negative light, and appealing to emotions such as fear or anger. This can serve to bolster the cohesion and solidarity of the ingroup, but can also contribute to intergroup conflict and prejudice. Autocratic behavior and personality-based leadership may also play a role, but the most distinctive feature of intergroup leadership is the use of rhetoric to define and mobilize the ingroup.

Question 12

Transactive memory

Accepted Answer

Transactive memory refers to the distribution of information between individuals in a group, in which each person remembers and is responsible for specific aspects of the group's shared knowledge.

Question 13

Clark and Stephenson (1989)investigated the accuracy of their participants' recall of police testimony collected through questioning a rape victim.Compared to individuals,groups of four people at a time

Accepted Answer

The answer of Clark and Stephenson (1989)investigated the accuracy of...

Question 14

When group prototypicality is considered in the context of leadership,we find that

Accepted Answer

Prototypical leaders are trusted more because they embody group norms and values (A). Membership credentials can enhance perceived prototypicality (B). In salient groups, ingroup leaders are more effective as they are seen as representing the group's identity (C).

Question 15

Common rules for group decision making differ in their degree of

Accepted Answer

The answer of Common rules for group decision making differ...

Question 16

Within the psychology department at a university,there is a large volume of information that needs to be remembered,relating to a whole manner of different things (e.g.,research,post-graduate supervision,undergraduate teaching,equipment and administrative matters).This is too much information for one individual to remember.Instead,certain individuals are formally responsible for particular domains (e.g.,research)but everyone in the department is able to remember who is responsible for each domain.This is an example of

Accepted Answer

This is an example of transactive memory, which refers to the ability of a group to collectively encode, store, and retrieve information. In this case, individuals within the department collectively share the responsibility for remembering information by assigning specific domains to particular individuals, and the group as a whole has access to this information through their knowledge of who is responsible for each domain.

Question 17

A brainstorming group can show inferior performance when compared to individual effort.Which of the following is NOT a factor that can explain this?

Accepted Answer

The answer of A brainstorming group can show inferior performance...

Question 18

You own a screen-printing business.On Monday,a well-known outdoor adventure company commissions you to design their new logo.Having left things a bit late,they want several options by Tuesday.Being the wise person that you are,you

Accepted Answer

The answer of You own a screen-printing business.On Monday,a well-known...

Question 19

Through our various experiences,we know that we produce more and better ideas in groups than when we are alone.This belief is

Accepted Answer

The answer of Through our various experiences,we know that we...

Question 20

'Unanimity','first shift','truth wins' and 'majority wins' are examples of

Accepted Answer

Unanimity, first shift, truth wins, and majority wins are all social decision schemes that groups use to make decisions. These schemes help to establish order and structure within the group decision-making process.

Quiz 9: Leadership and Decision Making

In many real-world areas (such as politics) ,men tend to occupy more top leadership positions compared to women.Eadly's (2003) real congruity theory would attribute this gender gap in leadership positions to